ESPECIFICIDADES DAS RESPOSTAS DE MICRO, PEQUENAS E MÉDIAS EMPRESAS TURÍSTICAS EM CONTEXTO DE CRISE
Abstract
Objetivos do estudo: Este artigo objetiva avaliar se há diferenças nas respostas de micro, pequenas e médias empresas, MPMEs a choques externos no setor de turismo em comparação com as MPMEs dos demais setores econômicos.
Metodologia/abordagem: O método quase experimental é adotado usando um conjunto de dados exclusivo que investigou os impactos da COVID-19 em 6.138 MPMEs sediadas no Brasil. Para minimizar possíveis vieses o Propensity Score Matching, PSM, foi utilizado para realizar pareamento entre as MPMEs do grupo de tratamento, empresas do ramo de turismo, e o grupo controle constituído pelas MPMEs dos demais setores.
Principais resultados: os resultados obtidos indicaram a existência de diferenças importantes entre os grupos de tratamento e controle. No entanto, a análise das médias não revelou significância estatística nas diferenças entre os grupos após o pareamento, o que sugere que as diferenças observadas podem ter ocorrido por acaso ou por outras variáveis não controladas pelo estudo.
Contribuições acadêmicas: Estudos empíricos para testar a validar as teorias e conceitos já desenvolvidos são necessários e escassos no nível de empresas.
Contribuições práticas: A pesquisa contribui para o desenvolvimento, formulação e avaliação de políticas e estratégias específicas para o setor do turismo, com o objetivo de preservar a oferta turística e a geração de empregos e renda local.
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References
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Amore, M. D. (2015). Companies learning to innovate in recessions. Research Policy, 44(8), 1574–1583. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2015.05.006
Araújo, E., Lino, L., & Feitosa, P. (2015). Impactos do Turismo sobre o Emprego na Região Metropolitana de Vitória-ES: uma aplicação de coeficientes de demanda. Turismo em Análise, 26(3), 518-540. https://doi.org/10.11606/issn.1984-4867.v26i3p518-540
Aristei, D., Sterlacchini, A., & Venturini, F. (2017). Effectiveness of R&D subsidies during the crisis: Firm-level evidence across EU countries. Economics of Innovation and New Technology, 26(6), 554-573. https://doi.org/10.1080/10438599.2016.1249543
Arroio, A., & Scerri, M. (Eds.). (2014). The Promise of Small and Medium Enterprises: BRICS National Systems of Innovation (1st ed.). Routledge India. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315734163
Bartik, A. W., Bertrand, M., Cullen, Z., Glaeser, E. L., Luca, M., & Stanton, C. (2020). The impact of COVID-19 on small business outcomes and expectations. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 117(30), 17656–17666. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2006991117
Beck, T., Demirgüç-Kunt, A., & Maksimovic, V. (2005). Financial and legal constraints to growth: Does firm size matter? Journal of Finance, 60(1), 137–177. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6261.2005.00727.x
Blake, A., Arbache, J. S., Sinclair, M. T., & Teles, V. (2008). Tourism and poverty relief. Annals of Tourism Research, 35(1), 107-126. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2007.06.013
Blavatskyy, P. (2021). Uma medida de ambiguidade (incerteza knightiana). Teoria Decis, 91, 153–171. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11238-020-09798-6
Botelho, A. (2018). Casinos in Goa: The challenge ahead is to implement sustainable strategies to minimize their ill-effects. International Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Systems, 11(2), 56-62.
Brookhart, M. A., Schneeweiss, S., Rothman, K. J., Glynn, R. J., Avorn, J., & Stürmer, T. (2006). Variable selection for propensity score models. American journal of epidemiology, 163(12), 1149-1156.
Butler, J.E., & Sullivan, J.J. (2005). Crisis Response Tactics: U.S. Smes' Responses to the Asian Financial Crisis. Journal of Business and Entrepreneurship, 17, 56.
Cró, S., & Martins, A. M. (2017). Rupturas estruturais na demanda turística internacional: elas são causadas por crises ou desastres? Gestão de Turnês, 63, 3-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2017.05.009
da Silva, P., El-Aouar, W., Silva, A., Castro, A. B., & Sousa, J. (2018). A Resiliência no Empreendedorismo Feminino. Gestão e Sociedade, 13, 34, 2346. https://doi.org/10.21171/ges.v13i34.2346
Das, K., & Pradhan, J. P. (2009). Externally Oriented Small and Medium Enterprises: Predicament and Possibilities. MPRA Paper, 15522.
Dibiasi, A., & Iselin, D. (2021). Medindo a incerteza knightiana. Empirical Economics, 61, 2113-2141. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00181-021-02106-3
Domac, I., & Ferri, G. (1999). Did the East Asian Crisis Disproportionately Hit Small Businesses in Korea? Economic Notes, 28(3), 403-429. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-0300.00020
Fairlie, R. W. (2020). The Impact of COVID-19 on Small Business Owners: Continued Losses and the Partial Rebound in May 2020. NBER Working Paper Series, 27462. https://doi.org/10.3386/w27462
Feitosa, P., & Garcia, R. (2022). Economic crisis, innovation, and organizational responses: evidence from Brazil. Journal of Entrepreneurship in Emerging Economies, 14(2), 407-432. https://doi.org/10.1108/JEEE-05-2022-0145
Ferreira, F., & Gyourko, J. (2015). A new look at the US foreclosure crisis: Panel data evidence of prime and subprime borrowers from 1997 to 2012 (No. w21261). National Bureau of Economic Research.
Forbes, K. J. (2002). How Do Large Depreciations Affect Firm Performance? NBER Working Paper Series, 9095. https://doi.org/10.3386/w9095
Gonçalves, C. C. S.; Faria, D. M. C. P.; Horta, T. A. P. (2020). Metodologia para Mensuração das Atividades Características do Turismo: uma aplicação para o Brasil e suas Unidades da Federação. Revista Brasileira de Pesquisa em Turismo, São Paulo, 14 (3), p. 89-108, set./dez. http://dx.doi.org/10.7784/rbtur.v14i3.1908
Haddad, E. A., Porsse, A. A., & Rabahy, W. (2013). Domestic Tourism and Regional Inequality in Brazil. Tourism Economics, 19(1), 173–186. https://doi.org/10.5367/te.2013.0185
Holcombe, R. G. (2013). South Korea's Economic Future: Industrial Policy, or Economic Democracy? Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, 88, 3-13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jebo.2011.07.021.
IBGE. (2022). Informativo: Estatísticas do Cadastro Central de Empresas 2021 [Informativo]. Recuperado de https://biblioteca.ibge.gov.br/visualizacao/livros/liv101975_informativo.pdf
IPEA. (2016). Metodologia de cálculo da distribuição de renda nacional: uma aplicação da matriz de contabilidade social de 2010 [Documento de trabalho]. Recuperado de https://www.ipea.gov.br/extrator/arquivos/160204_td_metodologia.pdf
Juergensen, J., Guimón, J., & Narula, R. (2020). European SMEs amidst the COVID-19 crisis: assessing impact and policy responses. Journal of Industrial and Business Economics, 47, 499 - 510.
Kocak, E., Okumus, F., & Altin, M. (2022). Global pandemic uncertainty, pandemic discussion and visitor behaviour: A comparative tourism demand estimation for the US. Tourism Economics, 0(0). (“Tourism Economics - Volume 0, Number 0,”) https://doi.org/10.1177/13548166221100692
Lee, C. G., & How, S.-M. (2022). Lee, C. G., & How, S. M. (2022). The impacts of domestic and global economic policy uncertainties on the hotel room demand: Evidence from Singapore. Tourism Economics, 13548166221086062.
Lee, Neil, Hiba Sameen, and Marc Cowling. (2015). Access to Finance for Innovative SMEs since the Financial Crisis. Research Policy 44 (2): 370–80. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2014.09.008.
Linnenluecke, Martina K. (2017). Resilience in Business and Management Research: A Review of Influential Publications and a Research Agenda. International Journal of Management Reviews 19 (1): 4–30. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijmr.12076.
Lopes, M. M., & Panosso Netto, A. (2021). Análise das políticas federais de turismo no Brasil (1930 a 2020). Ateliê do Turismo, 5(2), 200-224. Recuperado de https://periodicos.ufms.br/index.php/adturismo/article/view/13205/9387
Ministério do Turismo. (2022). Relatório estatístico. Recuperado de https://www.gov.br/turismo/pt-br/acesso-a-informacao/acoes-e programas/fungetur/transparencia/25-07-2022-relatorio-estatistico-julho-2022.pdf
Mottin, F., Lago, E. C. W., de Meza, M. L. F. G., & Guimarães, I. A. (2022). Fungetur e pandemia: análise das operações de crédito contratadas pelos clusters turísticos brasileiros de 2018 a 2020 Fungetur and pandemic: analysis of credit operations contracted by brazilian tourism clusters from 2018 to 2020. Brazilian Journal of Development, 8(6), 44076-44098.
Mulhern, A. (1996). Venezuelan small businesses and the economic crisis: Reflections from Europe. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behaviour & Research, 2(2), 69–81. https://doi.org/10.1108/13552559610119340
Narjoko, D., & Hill, H. (2007). Winners and losers during a deep economic crisis: Firm-level evidence from Indonesian manufacturing. Asian Economic Journal, 21(4), 343–368. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8381.2007.00261.x
Nguyen, C. P., Thanh, S. D., & Nguyen, B. (2022). Economic uncertainty and tourism consumption. Tourism Economics, 28(4), 920–941. https://doi.org/10.1177/1354816620981519
Nogueira, M. (2016). O panorama das políticas públicas federais brasileiras voltadas para as empresas de pequeno porte. Brasília: Ipea. (Texto para Discussão, n. 2217).
Nugent, J. B., & Yhee, S. J. (2002). Small and medium enterprises in Korea: Achievements, constraints and policy issues. Small Business Economics, 18(1–3), 85–119. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1015181911497
Özar, Ş., Özertan, G., & Irfanoǧlu, Z. B. (2008). Micro and small enterprise growth in Turkey: Under the shadow of financial crisis. Developing Economies, 46(4), 331–362. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1746-1049.2008.00069.x
Papadopoulos, T., Baltas, K. N., & Balta, M. E. (2020). The use of digital technologies by small and medium enterprises during COVID-19: Implications for theory and practice. International Journal of Information Management, June. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2020.102192
Paunov, C. (2012). The global crisis and firms’ investments in innovation. Research Policy, 41(1), 24-35.
Pereira, A., Feitosa, A., & Henrique, P. (2022). Turismo, economia criativa e a Covid-19 no Brasil: Um estudo sobre a sobrevivência das micro e pequenas empresas. Revista Eletrônica de Administração e Turismo, 16(1), 179-189.
Rahman, M.K., Gazi, M.A., Bhuiyan, M.A., & Rahaman, M.A. (2021). Effect of Covid-19 pandemic on tourist travel risk and management perceptions. PLoS ONE, 16.
Sato, Y. (2000). How Did the Crisis Affect Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises? From a Field Study of the Metal-Working Industry in Java. Developing Economies, 38(4), 572–595. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1746-1049.2000.tb00891.x
Sidorkin, O., & Srholec, M. (2014). Surviving the Times of Crisis: Does Innovation Make a Difference? International Journal of Technological Learning, Innovation and Development, 7(2), 124–146. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJTLID.2014.065881
Staples, A.J., & Krumel, T.P. (2022). The Paycheck Protection Program and small business performance: Evidence from craft breweries. Small Business Economics. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11187-022-00717-3
Tan, H. H., & See, H. H. (2004). Strategic Reorientation and Responses to the Asian Financial Crisis: The Case of the Manufacturing Industry in Singapore. Asia Pacific Journal of Management, 21(1–2), 189–211. https://doi.org/10.1023/b:apjm.0000024083.66366.b1
Varum, C. A., & Rocha, V. C. (2013). Employment and SMEs during Crises. Small Business Economics, 40(1), 9–25. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11187-011-9343-6
Wengel, J. T., & Rodriguez, E. (2006). SME Export Performance in Indonesia after the Crisis. Small Business Economics, 26
Williams, A. M., Rodríguez Sánchez, I., & Škokić, V. (2021). Innovation, Risk, and Uncertainty: A Study of Tourism Entrepreneurs. Journal of Travel Research, 60(2), 293–311. https://doi.org/10.1177/0047287519896012.
Yang, Y., Zhang, CX., & Rickly, JM. (2021). A review of early research on COVID-19 in tourism: Launching the Annals of Tourism Research Curated Collection on coronavirus and tourism. Annals of Tourism Research, 91, 103313. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2021.103313
Yi Lu, Jing Wu, Junlin Peng & Li Lu (2020) The perceived impact of the Covid-19 epidemic: evidence from a sample of 4807 SMEs in Sichuan Province, China, Environmental Hazards, 19:4, 323-340. DOI: 10.1080/17477891.2020.1763902.
Zhang, W., Williams, A. M., Li, G., & Liu, A. (2022). Entrepreneurial responses to uncertainties during the COVID-19 recovery: A longitudinal study of B&Bs in Zhangjiajie, China. Tourism Management, 91, 104525.
Zhang, Y., Lingyi, M., Peixue, L., Lu, Y., & Zhang, J. (2021). O impacto da COVID-19 no turismo: a intenção de viagem compensatória aparecerá? Revista Ásia-Pacífico de Pesquisa em Turismo, 26, 732 - 747.
Zhang, J. (2023). Tourism and rural income inequality: Empirical evidence for China. Current Issues in Tourism, 26(1), 153-170.
Amore, M. D. (2015). Companies learning to innovate in recessions. Research Policy, 44(8), 1574–1583. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2015.05.006
Araújo, E., Lino, L., & Feitosa, P. (2015). Impactos do Turismo sobre o Emprego na Região Metropolitana de Vitória-ES: uma aplicação de coeficientes de demanda. Turismo em Análise, 26(3), 518-540. https://doi.org/10.11606/issn.1984-4867.v26i3p518-540
Aristei, D., Sterlacchini, A., & Venturini, F. (2017). Effectiveness of R&D subsidies during the crisis: Firm-level evidence across EU countries. Economics of Innovation and New Technology, 26(6), 554-573. https://doi.org/10.1080/10438599.2016.1249543
Arroio, A., & Scerri, M. (Eds.). (2014). The Promise of Small and Medium Enterprises: BRICS National Systems of Innovation (1st ed.). Routledge India. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315734163
Bartik, A. W., Bertrand, M., Cullen, Z., Glaeser, E. L., Luca, M., & Stanton, C. (2020). The impact of COVID-19 on small business outcomes and expectations. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 117(30), 17656–17666. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2006991117
Beck, T., Demirgüç-Kunt, A., & Maksimovic, V. (2005). Financial and legal constraints to growth: Does firm size matter? Journal of Finance, 60(1), 137–177. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6261.2005.00727.x
Blake, A., Arbache, J. S., Sinclair, M. T., & Teles, V. (2008). Tourism and poverty relief. Annals of Tourism Research, 35(1), 107-126. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2007.06.013
Blavatskyy, P. (2021). Uma medida de ambiguidade (incerteza knightiana). Teoria Decis, 91, 153–171. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11238-020-09798-6
Botelho, A. (2018). Casinos in Goa: The challenge ahead is to implement sustainable strategies to minimize their ill-effects. International Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Systems, 11(2), 56-62.
Brookhart, M. A., Schneeweiss, S., Rothman, K. J., Glynn, R. J., Avorn, J., & Stürmer, T. (2006). Variable selection for propensity score models. American journal of epidemiology, 163(12), 1149-1156.
Butler, J.E., & Sullivan, J.J. (2005). Crisis Response Tactics: U.S. Smes' Responses to the Asian Financial Crisis. Journal of Business and Entrepreneurship, 17, 56.
Cró, S., & Martins, A. M. (2017). Rupturas estruturais na demanda turística internacional: elas são causadas por crises ou desastres? Gestão de Turnês, 63, 3-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2017.05.009
da Silva, P., El-Aouar, W., Silva, A., Castro, A. B., & Sousa, J. (2018). A Resiliência no Empreendedorismo Feminino. Gestão e Sociedade, 13, 34, 2346. https://doi.org/10.21171/ges.v13i34.2346
Das, K., & Pradhan, J. P. (2009). Externally Oriented Small and Medium Enterprises: Predicament and Possibilities. MPRA Paper, 15522.
Dibiasi, A., & Iselin, D. (2021). Medindo a incerteza knightiana. Empirical Economics, 61, 2113-2141. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00181-021-02106-3
Domac, I., & Ferri, G. (1999). Did the East Asian Crisis Disproportionately Hit Small Businesses in Korea? Economic Notes, 28(3), 403-429. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-0300.00020
Fairlie, R. W. (2020). The Impact of COVID-19 on Small Business Owners: Continued Losses and the Partial Rebound in May 2020. NBER Working Paper Series, 27462. https://doi.org/10.3386/w27462
Feitosa, P., & Garcia, R. (2022). Economic crisis, innovation, and organizational responses: evidence from Brazil. Journal of Entrepreneurship in Emerging Economies, 14(2), 407-432. https://doi.org/10.1108/JEEE-05-2022-0145
Ferreira, F., & Gyourko, J. (2015). A new look at the US foreclosure crisis: Panel data evidence of prime and subprime borrowers from 1997 to 2012 (No. w21261). National Bureau of Economic Research.
Forbes, K. J. (2002). How Do Large Depreciations Affect Firm Performance? NBER Working Paper Series, 9095. https://doi.org/10.3386/w9095
Gonçalves, C. C. S.; Faria, D. M. C. P.; Horta, T. A. P. (2020). Metodologia para Mensuração das Atividades Características do Turismo: uma aplicação para o Brasil e suas Unidades da Federação. Revista Brasileira de Pesquisa em Turismo, São Paulo, 14 (3), p. 89-108, set./dez. http://dx.doi.org/10.7784/rbtur.v14i3.1908
Haddad, E. A., Porsse, A. A., & Rabahy, W. (2013). Domestic Tourism and Regional Inequality in Brazil. Tourism Economics, 19(1), 173–186. https://doi.org/10.5367/te.2013.0185
Holcombe, R. G. (2013). South Korea's Economic Future: Industrial Policy, or Economic Democracy? Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, 88, 3-13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jebo.2011.07.021.
IBGE. (2022). Informativo: Estatísticas do Cadastro Central de Empresas 2021 [Informativo]. Recuperado de https://biblioteca.ibge.gov.br/visualizacao/livros/liv101975_informativo.pdf
IPEA. (2016). Metodologia de cálculo da distribuição de renda nacional: uma aplicação da matriz de contabilidade social de 2010 [Documento de trabalho]. Recuperado de https://www.ipea.gov.br/extrator/arquivos/160204_td_metodologia.pdf
Juergensen, J., Guimón, J., & Narula, R. (2020). European SMEs amidst the COVID-19 crisis: assessing impact and policy responses. Journal of Industrial and Business Economics, 47, 499 - 510.
Kocak, E., Okumus, F., & Altin, M. (2022). Global pandemic uncertainty, pandemic discussion and visitor behaviour: A comparative tourism demand estimation for the US. Tourism Economics, 0(0). (“Tourism Economics - Volume 0, Number 0,”) https://doi.org/10.1177/13548166221100692
Lee, C. G., & How, S.-M. (2022). Lee, C. G., & How, S. M. (2022). The impacts of domestic and global economic policy uncertainties on the hotel room demand: Evidence from Singapore. Tourism Economics, 13548166221086062.
Lee, Neil, Hiba Sameen, and Marc Cowling. (2015). Access to Finance for Innovative SMEs since the Financial Crisis. Research Policy 44 (2): 370–80. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2014.09.008.
Linnenluecke, Martina K. (2017). Resilience in Business and Management Research: A Review of Influential Publications and a Research Agenda. International Journal of Management Reviews 19 (1): 4–30. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijmr.12076.
Lopes, M. M., & Panosso Netto, A. (2021). Análise das políticas federais de turismo no Brasil (1930 a 2020). Ateliê do Turismo, 5(2), 200-224. Recuperado de https://periodicos.ufms.br/index.php/adturismo/article/view/13205/9387
Ministério do Turismo. (2022). Relatório estatístico. Recuperado de https://www.gov.br/turismo/pt-br/acesso-a-informacao/acoes-e programas/fungetur/transparencia/25-07-2022-relatorio-estatistico-julho-2022.pdf
Mottin, F., Lago, E. C. W., de Meza, M. L. F. G., & Guimarães, I. A. (2022). Fungetur e pandemia: análise das operações de crédito contratadas pelos clusters turísticos brasileiros de 2018 a 2020 Fungetur and pandemic: analysis of credit operations contracted by brazilian tourism clusters from 2018 to 2020. Brazilian Journal of Development, 8(6), 44076-44098.
Mulhern, A. (1996). Venezuelan small businesses and the economic crisis: Reflections from Europe. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behaviour & Research, 2(2), 69–81. https://doi.org/10.1108/13552559610119340
Narjoko, D., & Hill, H. (2007). Winners and losers during a deep economic crisis: Firm-level evidence from Indonesian manufacturing. Asian Economic Journal, 21(4), 343–368. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8381.2007.00261.x
Nguyen, C. P., Thanh, S. D., & Nguyen, B. (2022). Economic uncertainty and tourism consumption. Tourism Economics, 28(4), 920–941. https://doi.org/10.1177/1354816620981519
Nogueira, M. (2016). O panorama das políticas públicas federais brasileiras voltadas para as empresas de pequeno porte. Brasília: Ipea. (Texto para Discussão, n. 2217).
Nugent, J. B., & Yhee, S. J. (2002). Small and medium enterprises in Korea: Achievements, constraints and policy issues. Small Business Economics, 18(1–3), 85–119. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1015181911497
Özar, Ş., Özertan, G., & Irfanoǧlu, Z. B. (2008). Micro and small enterprise growth in Turkey: Under the shadow of financial crisis. Developing Economies, 46(4), 331–362. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1746-1049.2008.00069.x
Papadopoulos, T., Baltas, K. N., & Balta, M. E. (2020). The use of digital technologies by small and medium enterprises during COVID-19: Implications for theory and practice. International Journal of Information Management, June. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2020.102192
Paunov, C. (2012). The global crisis and firms’ investments in innovation. Research Policy, 41(1), 24-35.
Pereira, A., Feitosa, A., & Henrique, P. (2022). Turismo, economia criativa e a Covid-19 no Brasil: Um estudo sobre a sobrevivência das micro e pequenas empresas. Revista Eletrônica de Administração e Turismo, 16(1), 179-189.
Rahman, M.K., Gazi, M.A., Bhuiyan, M.A., & Rahaman, M.A. (2021). Effect of Covid-19 pandemic on tourist travel risk and management perceptions. PLoS ONE, 16.
Sato, Y. (2000). How Did the Crisis Affect Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises? From a Field Study of the Metal-Working Industry in Java. Developing Economies, 38(4), 572–595. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1746-1049.2000.tb00891.x
Sidorkin, O., & Srholec, M. (2014). Surviving the Times of Crisis: Does Innovation Make a Difference? International Journal of Technological Learning, Innovation and Development, 7(2), 124–146. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJTLID.2014.065881
Staples, A.J., & Krumel, T.P. (2022). The Paycheck Protection Program and small business performance: Evidence from craft breweries. Small Business Economics. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11187-022-00717-3
Tan, H. H., & See, H. H. (2004). Strategic Reorientation and Responses to the Asian Financial Crisis: The Case of the Manufacturing Industry in Singapore. Asia Pacific Journal of Management, 21(1–2), 189–211. https://doi.org/10.1023/b:apjm.0000024083.66366.b1
Varum, C. A., & Rocha, V. C. (2013). Employment and SMEs during Crises. Small Business Economics, 40(1), 9–25. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11187-011-9343-6
Wengel, J. T., & Rodriguez, E. (2006). SME Export Performance in Indonesia after the Crisis. Small Business Economics, 26
Williams, A. M., Rodríguez Sánchez, I., & Škokić, V. (2021). Innovation, Risk, and Uncertainty: A Study of Tourism Entrepreneurs. Journal of Travel Research, 60(2), 293–311. https://doi.org/10.1177/0047287519896012.
Yang, Y., Zhang, CX., & Rickly, JM. (2021). A review of early research on COVID-19 in tourism: Launching the Annals of Tourism Research Curated Collection on coronavirus and tourism. Annals of Tourism Research, 91, 103313. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2021.103313
Yi Lu, Jing Wu, Junlin Peng & Li Lu (2020) The perceived impact of the Covid-19 epidemic: evidence from a sample of 4807 SMEs in Sichuan Province, China, Environmental Hazards, 19:4, 323-340. DOI: 10.1080/17477891.2020.1763902.
Zhang, W., Williams, A. M., Li, G., & Liu, A. (2022). Entrepreneurial responses to uncertainties during the COVID-19 recovery: A longitudinal study of B&Bs in Zhangjiajie, China. Tourism Management, 91, 104525.
Zhang, Y., Lingyi, M., Peixue, L., Lu, Y., & Zhang, J. (2021). O impacto da COVID-19 no turismo: a intenção de viagem compensatória aparecerá? Revista Ásia-Pacífico de Pesquisa em Turismo, 26, 732 - 747.
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Published
2024-08-08
Section
ARTIGOS
