Saúde mental de mulheres transgêneras: uma revisão integrativa de literatura
Palavras-chave:
Saúde mental, Pessoas transgênero, Serviços de saúde para pessoas transgênero, Identidade de gênero
Resumo
Objetivo: conhecer a produção científica nacional e internacional acerca da saúde mental das mulheres transgêneras de 2007 a 2017. Método: revisão integrativa realizada na Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde, em abril de 2018. Analisaram-se os estudos em seis fases, agrupando-os em categorias temáticas. Resultados: dos 30 estudos selecionados emergiram sete categorias temáticas, a saber: “necessidades de saúde mental”, “vulnerabilidade psicossocial”, “processo transexualizador”, “mulheres transgêneras jovens e na terceira idade”, “relações sociais”, “direitos civis e cidadania” e “relações entre as mulheres transgêneras e os serviços de saúde”. Conclusões: mulheres transgêneras estão expostas a maiores riscos de desenvolverem transtornos mentais, em relação às pessoas cisgêneras parecendo ter relação com o preconceito, estigma, discriminação, e negação de direitos civis. São transtornos mais prevalentes nesta população: depressão, ansiedade, ideação/ tentativa de suicídio, abuso de álcool e outras drogas, os quais estão diretamente relacionados com o não acesso aos serviços de saúde.
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Referências
1 O’dwyer B, Heilborn ML. Jovens transexuais: acesso a serviços médicos, medicina e diagnóstico. Intersecções: revista de estudos interdisciplinares. Rev. Int. Est. Exp. 2018;20(1):196-219. DOI: https://doi.org/10.12957/irei.2018.35965
2 Borba R. Receita para se tornar um "transexual verdadeiro": discurso, interação e (des)indentificação no Processo Transexualizador. Trabalhos em Linguística Aplicada. 2016;55(1). Disponível em: https://periodicos.sbu.unicamp.br/ojs/index.php/tla/article/view/8647390
3 Yi S, Tuot S, Chhim S, Chhoun P, Mun P, Mburu G. Exposure to gender-based violence and depressive symptoms among transgender women in Cambodia: findings from the National Integrated Biological and Behavioral Survey 2016. Int. J. Ment. Health Syst. 2018;12(24):1-11. Available from: https://ijmhs.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13033-018-0206-2
4 Zucchi EM, Barros CRS, Redoschi BRL, Deus LFA, Veras MASM. Bem-estar psicológico entre travestis e mulheres transexuais no Estado de São Paulo, Brasil. Cad. Saúde Pública (Online). 2019;35(3):1-13. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/0102-311X00064618
5 Magno L, Dourado I, Silva LAV. Estigma e resistência entre travestis e mulheres transexuais em Salvador, Bahia, Brasil. Cad. Saúde Pública (Online). 2018;34(5):1-12. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/0102-311X00135917
6 World Professional Association for Transgender Health (WPATH). Normas de atenção à saúde das pessoas trans e com variabilidade de gênero. 7ª ed. 2012. Disponível em: https://www.wpath.org/media/cms/Documents/SOC%20v7/SOC%20V7_Portuguese.pdf
7 Benevides BG (org). Dossiê assassinatos e violências contra travestis e transexuais brasileiras em 2021. Brasília: Distrito Drag, ANTRA; 2022. Disponível em: https://antrabrasil.files.wordpress.com/2022/01/dossieantra2022-web.pdf
8 Cortes HM, Carnevalli LM, Araújo LMP, Pinho PH. O (des) acesso de pessoas transgêneras aos serviços de saúde no recôncavo baiano. Cadernos de Gênero e Diversidade. 2020;6(4):159-80. DOI: https://doi.org/10.9771/cgd.v6i4.36104
9 Cortes HM, Morais AVC, Santos ES, Sá MVG, Pinho PH. Vivências de mulheres transgêneras de um município do recôncavo da Bahia. Revista Eletrônica Acervo Enfermagem. 2019;1:e18716. DOI: https://doi.org/10.25248/reaenf.e1871.2019
10 Sousa LMM, Marques-Vieira CMA, Severino SSP, Antunes AV. A metodologia de revisão integrativa da literatura em enfermagem. Revista Investigação em Enfermagem. 2017;21(2),17-26. Disponível em: https://repositorio-cientifico.essatla.pt/handle/20.500.12253/1311?mode=full
11 McGrath TA, Moher D, McInnes MDF. Steps toward more complete reporting of systematic reviews of diagnostic test accuracy: Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses of Diagnostic Test Accuracy (PRISMA-DTA). Systematic Reviews. 2019;8(1):1-3. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s13643-019-1090-9
12 Heylens G, Elaut E, Kreukels BP, Paap MC, Cerwenka S, Richter-Appelt H, et. al. Psychiatric characteristics in transsexual individuals: multicentre study in four European countries. The British Journal of Psychiatry. 2014;204(2):151-56. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.112.121954
13 Olson J, Schrager SM, Belzer M, Simons LK, Clark LF. Baseline Physiologic and Psychosocial Characteristics of Transgender Youth Seeking Care for Gender Dysphoria. J. adolesc. health. 2015;57(4):374-80. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2015.04.027
14 Reisner SL, Biello KB, White HJM, Kuhns L, Mayer KH, Garofalo R, et. al. Psychiatric Diagnoses and Comorbidities in a Diverse, Multicity Cohort of Young Transgender Women: Baseline Findings From Project LifeSkills. JAMA Pediatrics. 2016;170(5):481-6. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapediatrics.2016.0067
15 Reisner SL, Vetters R, Leclerc M, Zaslow S, Wolfrum S, Shumer D, et. al. Mental health of transgender youth in care at an adolescent urban community health center: a matched retrospective cohort study. J. adolesc. health. 2015;56(3):274-9. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2014.10.264
16 Rowe C, Santos GM, McFarland W, Wilson EC. Prevalence and correlates of substance use among trans female youth ages 16-24 years in the San Francisco Bay Area. Drug alcohol depend. 2015;1(147):160-6. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2014.11.023
17 Wylie K, Knudson G, Khan SI, Bonierbale M, Watanyusakul S, Baral S. Serving transgender people: clinical care considerations and service delivery models in transgender health. The Lancet. 2016;388(10042):401-11. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(16)00682-6
18 Barrett C, Crameri P, Lambourne S, Latham JR, Whyte C. Understanding the experiences and needs of lesbian, gay, bisexual and trans Australians living with dementia, and their partners. Australasian journal on ageing (Online). 2015;34 (Suppl 2):34-8. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/ajag.12271
19 Bauer G, Scheim AI, Pyne J, Travers R, Hammond R. Intervenable factors associated with suicide risk in transgender persons: a respondent driven sampling study in Ontario, Canada. BMC public health (Online). 2015;15(525):1-15. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-015-1867-2
20 Flentje A, Heck NC, Sorensen JL. Characteristics of transgender individuals entering substance abuse treatment. Addict. behav. 2014;39(5):969-75. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2014.01.011
21 Reisner SL, Pardo ST, Gamarel KE, White Hughto JM, Pardee DJ, Keo-Meier CL. Substance Use to Cope with Stigma in Healthcare Among U.S. Female-to-Male Trans Masculine Adults. LGBT Health. 2015;2(4):324-32. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1089/lgbt.2015.0001
22 Steele lS, Daley A, Curling D, Gibson MF, Green DC, Williams CC, et. al. LGBT Identity, Untreated Depression, and Unmet Need for Mental Health Services by Sexual Minority Women and Trans-Identified People. J. womens health (Larchmt.). 2017;26(2):116-27. DOI: http://doi.org/10.1089/jwh.2015.5677
23 Stotzer RL, Ka’opua LS, Diaz TP. Is healthcare caring in Hawai'i? Preliminary results from a health assessment of lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, questioning, and intersex people in four counties. Hawai'i j. med. public health (Online). 2014;73(6):175-80. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4064342/pdf/hjmph7306_0175.pdf
24 Bockting WO, Miner MH, Swinburne Romine RE, Hamilton A, Coleman E. Stigma, Mental Health, and Resilience in an Online Sample of the US Transgender Population. Am. j. public health (1971). 2013;103(5):943-51. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2105%2FAJPH.2013.301241
25 Crall CS, Jackson RK. Should Psychiatrists Prescribe Gender-Affirming Hormone Therapy to Transgender Adolescents?. AMA j. ethics. 2016;18(11):1086-94. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/journalofethics.2016.18.11.ecas3-1611
26 Janini J, Santos RS, Vargens OMC, Araújo LM. A medicalização e patologização na perspectiva das mulheres transexuais: acessibilidade ou exclusão social. Rev. enferm. UERJ. 2017;25:e29009. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.12957/reuerj.2017.29009
27 Zeluf G, Dhejne C, Orre C, Mannheimer LN, Deogan C, Höijer J, et al. Health, disability and quality of life among trans people in Sweden–a web-based survey. BMC Public Health. 2016;16(903):1-15. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-016-3560-5
28 Fontanari AMV, Rovaris DL, Costa AB, Pasley A, Cupertino RB, Soll BMB, et. al. Childhood Maltreatment Linked with a Deterioration of Psychosocial Outcomes in Adult Life for Southern Brazilian Transgender Women. J. immigr. minor. health. 2018;20(1):33-43. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10903-016-0528-6
29 Nuttbrock L, Bockting W, Rosenblum A, Hwahng S, Mason M, Macri M, et. al. Gender abuse and major depression among transgender women: a prospective study of vulnerability and resilience. Am. j. public health. 2014;104(11):2191-8. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2105%2FAJPH.2013.301545
30 Wilson EC, Chen YH, Arayasirikul S, Fisher M, Pomart WA, Le V, et. al. Differential HIV Risk for Racial/Ethnic Minority Trans*female Youths and Socioeconomic Disparities in Housing, Residential Stability, and Education. Am. j. public health. 2015;105(Suppl3):41-7. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2105%2FAJPH.2014.302443
31 Wilson EC, Chen YH, Arayasirikul S, Wenzel C, Raymond HF. Connecting the dots: examining transgender women's utilization of transition-related medical care and associations with mental health, substance use, and HIV. J. urban health. 2015;92(1):182-92. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11524-014-9921-4
32 Gooren LJ, Sungkaew T, Giltay EJ. Exploration of functional health, mental well-being and cross-sex hormone use in a sample of Thai male-to-female transgendered persons (kathoeys). Asian j. androl. 2013;15(2):280-5. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038%2Faja.2012.139
33 Petry AR. Transgender women and the Gender Reassignment Process: subjection experiences, suffering and pleasure in body adaptation. Rev. gaúch. enferm. 2015;36(2):70-5. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1983-1447.2015.02.50158
34 Silva AL, Oliveira AAS. Transexualização em narrativas de histórias de vida sobre a infância. Estud. pesqui. psicol. 2015;15(2). Disponível em: http://pepsic.bvsalud.org/pdf/epp/v15n2/v15n2a04.pdf
35 Silva-Santisteban A, Eng S, De la Iglesia G, Falistocco C, Mazin R. HIV prevention among transgender women in Latin America: implementation, gaps and challenges. J. int. aids soc. 2016;19(Suppl.2):20799. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.7448/IAS.19.3.20799
36 Socías ME, Marshall BDL, Aristegui I, Zalazar V, Romero R, Processado O, et. al. Towards full citizenship: correlates of engagement with the gender identity law among transwomen in Argentina. PLos ONE. 2014;9(8):1-6. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0105402
37 Fabbre VD. Gender transitions in later life: a queer perspective on successful aging. The Gerontologist. 2015;55(1):144-53. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/geront/gnu079
38 Bungener SL, Steensma TD, Cohen-Kettenis PT, Vries ALC. Sexual and Romantic Experiences of Transgender Youth Before Gender-Affirmative Treatment. Pediatrics. 2017;139(3):e20162283. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2016-2283
39 Dowshen N, Matone M, Luan X, Lee S, Belzer M, Fernandez MI, et al. Adolescent Medicine Trials Network for HIV/AIDS Interventions. Behavioral and Health Outcomes for HIV+ Young Transgender Women (YTW) Linked To and Engaged in Medical Care. LGBT Health. 2016;3(2):162-7. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1089/lgbt.2014.0062
40 Rosenthal SM. Approach to the patient: transgender youth: endocrine considerations. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology Metabolism. 2014;99(12): 4379–89. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2014-1919
2 Borba R. Receita para se tornar um "transexual verdadeiro": discurso, interação e (des)indentificação no Processo Transexualizador. Trabalhos em Linguística Aplicada. 2016;55(1). Disponível em: https://periodicos.sbu.unicamp.br/ojs/index.php/tla/article/view/8647390
3 Yi S, Tuot S, Chhim S, Chhoun P, Mun P, Mburu G. Exposure to gender-based violence and depressive symptoms among transgender women in Cambodia: findings from the National Integrated Biological and Behavioral Survey 2016. Int. J. Ment. Health Syst. 2018;12(24):1-11. Available from: https://ijmhs.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13033-018-0206-2
4 Zucchi EM, Barros CRS, Redoschi BRL, Deus LFA, Veras MASM. Bem-estar psicológico entre travestis e mulheres transexuais no Estado de São Paulo, Brasil. Cad. Saúde Pública (Online). 2019;35(3):1-13. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/0102-311X00064618
5 Magno L, Dourado I, Silva LAV. Estigma e resistência entre travestis e mulheres transexuais em Salvador, Bahia, Brasil. Cad. Saúde Pública (Online). 2018;34(5):1-12. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/0102-311X00135917
6 World Professional Association for Transgender Health (WPATH). Normas de atenção à saúde das pessoas trans e com variabilidade de gênero. 7ª ed. 2012. Disponível em: https://www.wpath.org/media/cms/Documents/SOC%20v7/SOC%20V7_Portuguese.pdf
7 Benevides BG (org). Dossiê assassinatos e violências contra travestis e transexuais brasileiras em 2021. Brasília: Distrito Drag, ANTRA; 2022. Disponível em: https://antrabrasil.files.wordpress.com/2022/01/dossieantra2022-web.pdf
8 Cortes HM, Carnevalli LM, Araújo LMP, Pinho PH. O (des) acesso de pessoas transgêneras aos serviços de saúde no recôncavo baiano. Cadernos de Gênero e Diversidade. 2020;6(4):159-80. DOI: https://doi.org/10.9771/cgd.v6i4.36104
9 Cortes HM, Morais AVC, Santos ES, Sá MVG, Pinho PH. Vivências de mulheres transgêneras de um município do recôncavo da Bahia. Revista Eletrônica Acervo Enfermagem. 2019;1:e18716. DOI: https://doi.org/10.25248/reaenf.e1871.2019
10 Sousa LMM, Marques-Vieira CMA, Severino SSP, Antunes AV. A metodologia de revisão integrativa da literatura em enfermagem. Revista Investigação em Enfermagem. 2017;21(2),17-26. Disponível em: https://repositorio-cientifico.essatla.pt/handle/20.500.12253/1311?mode=full
11 McGrath TA, Moher D, McInnes MDF. Steps toward more complete reporting of systematic reviews of diagnostic test accuracy: Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses of Diagnostic Test Accuracy (PRISMA-DTA). Systematic Reviews. 2019;8(1):1-3. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s13643-019-1090-9
12 Heylens G, Elaut E, Kreukels BP, Paap MC, Cerwenka S, Richter-Appelt H, et. al. Psychiatric characteristics in transsexual individuals: multicentre study in four European countries. The British Journal of Psychiatry. 2014;204(2):151-56. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.112.121954
13 Olson J, Schrager SM, Belzer M, Simons LK, Clark LF. Baseline Physiologic and Psychosocial Characteristics of Transgender Youth Seeking Care for Gender Dysphoria. J. adolesc. health. 2015;57(4):374-80. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2015.04.027
14 Reisner SL, Biello KB, White HJM, Kuhns L, Mayer KH, Garofalo R, et. al. Psychiatric Diagnoses and Comorbidities in a Diverse, Multicity Cohort of Young Transgender Women: Baseline Findings From Project LifeSkills. JAMA Pediatrics. 2016;170(5):481-6. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapediatrics.2016.0067
15 Reisner SL, Vetters R, Leclerc M, Zaslow S, Wolfrum S, Shumer D, et. al. Mental health of transgender youth in care at an adolescent urban community health center: a matched retrospective cohort study. J. adolesc. health. 2015;56(3):274-9. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2014.10.264
16 Rowe C, Santos GM, McFarland W, Wilson EC. Prevalence and correlates of substance use among trans female youth ages 16-24 years in the San Francisco Bay Area. Drug alcohol depend. 2015;1(147):160-6. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2014.11.023
17 Wylie K, Knudson G, Khan SI, Bonierbale M, Watanyusakul S, Baral S. Serving transgender people: clinical care considerations and service delivery models in transgender health. The Lancet. 2016;388(10042):401-11. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(16)00682-6
18 Barrett C, Crameri P, Lambourne S, Latham JR, Whyte C. Understanding the experiences and needs of lesbian, gay, bisexual and trans Australians living with dementia, and their partners. Australasian journal on ageing (Online). 2015;34 (Suppl 2):34-8. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/ajag.12271
19 Bauer G, Scheim AI, Pyne J, Travers R, Hammond R. Intervenable factors associated with suicide risk in transgender persons: a respondent driven sampling study in Ontario, Canada. BMC public health (Online). 2015;15(525):1-15. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-015-1867-2
20 Flentje A, Heck NC, Sorensen JL. Characteristics of transgender individuals entering substance abuse treatment. Addict. behav. 2014;39(5):969-75. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2014.01.011
21 Reisner SL, Pardo ST, Gamarel KE, White Hughto JM, Pardee DJ, Keo-Meier CL. Substance Use to Cope with Stigma in Healthcare Among U.S. Female-to-Male Trans Masculine Adults. LGBT Health. 2015;2(4):324-32. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1089/lgbt.2015.0001
22 Steele lS, Daley A, Curling D, Gibson MF, Green DC, Williams CC, et. al. LGBT Identity, Untreated Depression, and Unmet Need for Mental Health Services by Sexual Minority Women and Trans-Identified People. J. womens health (Larchmt.). 2017;26(2):116-27. DOI: http://doi.org/10.1089/jwh.2015.5677
23 Stotzer RL, Ka’opua LS, Diaz TP. Is healthcare caring in Hawai'i? Preliminary results from a health assessment of lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, questioning, and intersex people in four counties. Hawai'i j. med. public health (Online). 2014;73(6):175-80. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4064342/pdf/hjmph7306_0175.pdf
24 Bockting WO, Miner MH, Swinburne Romine RE, Hamilton A, Coleman E. Stigma, Mental Health, and Resilience in an Online Sample of the US Transgender Population. Am. j. public health (1971). 2013;103(5):943-51. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2105%2FAJPH.2013.301241
25 Crall CS, Jackson RK. Should Psychiatrists Prescribe Gender-Affirming Hormone Therapy to Transgender Adolescents?. AMA j. ethics. 2016;18(11):1086-94. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/journalofethics.2016.18.11.ecas3-1611
26 Janini J, Santos RS, Vargens OMC, Araújo LM. A medicalização e patologização na perspectiva das mulheres transexuais: acessibilidade ou exclusão social. Rev. enferm. UERJ. 2017;25:e29009. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.12957/reuerj.2017.29009
27 Zeluf G, Dhejne C, Orre C, Mannheimer LN, Deogan C, Höijer J, et al. Health, disability and quality of life among trans people in Sweden–a web-based survey. BMC Public Health. 2016;16(903):1-15. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-016-3560-5
28 Fontanari AMV, Rovaris DL, Costa AB, Pasley A, Cupertino RB, Soll BMB, et. al. Childhood Maltreatment Linked with a Deterioration of Psychosocial Outcomes in Adult Life for Southern Brazilian Transgender Women. J. immigr. minor. health. 2018;20(1):33-43. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10903-016-0528-6
29 Nuttbrock L, Bockting W, Rosenblum A, Hwahng S, Mason M, Macri M, et. al. Gender abuse and major depression among transgender women: a prospective study of vulnerability and resilience. Am. j. public health. 2014;104(11):2191-8. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2105%2FAJPH.2013.301545
30 Wilson EC, Chen YH, Arayasirikul S, Fisher M, Pomart WA, Le V, et. al. Differential HIV Risk for Racial/Ethnic Minority Trans*female Youths and Socioeconomic Disparities in Housing, Residential Stability, and Education. Am. j. public health. 2015;105(Suppl3):41-7. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2105%2FAJPH.2014.302443
31 Wilson EC, Chen YH, Arayasirikul S, Wenzel C, Raymond HF. Connecting the dots: examining transgender women's utilization of transition-related medical care and associations with mental health, substance use, and HIV. J. urban health. 2015;92(1):182-92. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11524-014-9921-4
32 Gooren LJ, Sungkaew T, Giltay EJ. Exploration of functional health, mental well-being and cross-sex hormone use in a sample of Thai male-to-female transgendered persons (kathoeys). Asian j. androl. 2013;15(2):280-5. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038%2Faja.2012.139
33 Petry AR. Transgender women and the Gender Reassignment Process: subjection experiences, suffering and pleasure in body adaptation. Rev. gaúch. enferm. 2015;36(2):70-5. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1983-1447.2015.02.50158
34 Silva AL, Oliveira AAS. Transexualização em narrativas de histórias de vida sobre a infância. Estud. pesqui. psicol. 2015;15(2). Disponível em: http://pepsic.bvsalud.org/pdf/epp/v15n2/v15n2a04.pdf
35 Silva-Santisteban A, Eng S, De la Iglesia G, Falistocco C, Mazin R. HIV prevention among transgender women in Latin America: implementation, gaps and challenges. J. int. aids soc. 2016;19(Suppl.2):20799. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.7448/IAS.19.3.20799
36 Socías ME, Marshall BDL, Aristegui I, Zalazar V, Romero R, Processado O, et. al. Towards full citizenship: correlates of engagement with the gender identity law among transwomen in Argentina. PLos ONE. 2014;9(8):1-6. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0105402
37 Fabbre VD. Gender transitions in later life: a queer perspective on successful aging. The Gerontologist. 2015;55(1):144-53. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/geront/gnu079
38 Bungener SL, Steensma TD, Cohen-Kettenis PT, Vries ALC. Sexual and Romantic Experiences of Transgender Youth Before Gender-Affirmative Treatment. Pediatrics. 2017;139(3):e20162283. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2016-2283
39 Dowshen N, Matone M, Luan X, Lee S, Belzer M, Fernandez MI, et al. Adolescent Medicine Trials Network for HIV/AIDS Interventions. Behavioral and Health Outcomes for HIV+ Young Transgender Women (YTW) Linked To and Engaged in Medical Care. LGBT Health. 2016;3(2):162-7. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1089/lgbt.2014.0062
40 Rosenthal SM. Approach to the patient: transgender youth: endocrine considerations. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology Metabolism. 2014;99(12): 4379–89. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2014-1919
Publicado
2022-12-27
Como Citar
Cortes, H. M., Morais, A. V. C. de, Carnevalli, L. M., & Pinho, P. H. (2022). Saúde mental de mulheres transgêneras: uma revisão integrativa de literatura. Journal of Nursing and Health, 12(3). https://doi.org/10.15210/jonah.v12i3.4642
Seção
Artigos de Revisão / Review Articles
