SOCIOTECHNICAL FACTORS THAT IMPACT DIGITAL TRANSFORMATION IN MICRO AND SMALL COMPANIES

Keywords: Digital Transformation, Sociotechnical Theory, Subsystems of the Sociotechnical System, Small and Medium Enterprises

Abstract

The objective of this article is to identify the factors of the socio-technical system (SSS) subsystems that function as drivers and/or inhibitors for the adoption of digital transformation (DT) in the context of small and medium-sized enterprises (MSEs). The theoretical lens of complex sociotechnical systems is used to understand the behavior of these factors in the performance of the TD process in MSEs. To this end, a multiple case study was carried out involving four innovation agents, who applied the project methodology with a focus on TD in 32 MSEs in the metropolitan region of Porto Alegre/RS. This study was conducted through reports made available by Agents, which included a digital check-up that has 6 dimensions: technologies and digital skills, communication and sales channels, organization and people, strategy, data and analytical intelligence. According to the results of the study, it was confirmed that MSEs that have a high orientation towards SSS are more likely to implement technologies for DT. Based on these findings, the study offers management recommendations to improve the TD process in MSEs.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

ANIM-YEBOAH, SAMUEL; BOATENG, RICHARD; ODOOM, RAPHAEL; KOLOG, EMMANUEL AWUNI (2020). Digital Transformation Process and the Capability and Capacity Implications for Small and Medium Enterprises. International Journal of E-Entrepreneurship and Innovation, 10(2), 26–44. doi:10.4018/IJEEI.2020070102

BAI, C; QUAYSON, M; SARKIS, J; (2021). COVID-19 pandemic digitization lessons for sustainable development of micro-and small- enterprises. Sustainable Production and Consumption, (), –. doi:10.1016/j.spc.2021.04.035.

BARANN, B., HERMANN, A., CORDES, A.-K., CHASIN, F., BECKER, J., 2019. Supporting Digital Transformation in Small and Medium-sized Enterprises: A Procedure Model Involving Publicly Funded Support Units. Proc. 52o Havaí Int. conf. Sist. ciência 6 (2), 4977–4986. doi:10.24251/hicss.2019.598.

BEDNAR, PM E WELCH, C. (2019), “Perspectivas sociotécnicas sobre trabalho inteligente: criando sistemas significativos e sustentáveis”, Fronteiras de sistemas de informação, vol. 22, pp. 281-298, doi: 10.1007/ s10796-019-09921-1.

BRUNSWICKER, S. E F. EHRENMANN, “Gerenciando a inovação aberta em PMEs: um exemplo de boa prática de uma empresa de software alemã”, International Journal of Industrial Engineering and Management 4(1), 2013, pp. 33–41.

CAGLIANO, R., CANTERINO, F., LONGONI, A. AND BARTEZZAGHI, E. (2019), “The interaction between manufacturing technologies smart people and work organization: the role of technological complexity”, International Journal of Operations and Production Management, Vol. 39 no 6, pp. 913-934, doi: 10.1108/IJOPM-01-2019-0093.

CARDINALI, S., PAGANO, A., CARLONI, E., GIOVANNETTI, M. AND GOVERNATORI, L. (2023), "Digitalization processes in small professional service firms: drivers, barriers and emerging organisational tensions", Journal of Service Theory and Practice, Vol. 33 No. 2, pp. 237-256. https://doi.org/10.1108/JSTP-06-2022-0132.

CENAMOR, J., PARIDA, V., & WINCENT, J. (2019). How entrepreneurial SMEs compete through digital platforms: The roles of digital platform capability, network capability and ambidexterity. Journal of Business Research, 100, 196-206. doi: 10.1016/j.jbusres.2019.03.035

CLEGG, C.: Princípios sociotécnicos para projeto de sistemas. Appl. Ergon. 31(5), 463–477 (2000)

CHEN, Y.-YK; Y.-L. JAW, B.-L. WU, Efeito da transformação digital no desempenho organizacional das PMEs, Internet Res. 26 (1) (2016) 186–212

CORBIN J , STRAUSS A . Basics of qualitative research: techniques and procedures for developing Grounded Theory . Thousand Oaks : Sage ; 2015.

CIMINI, C., BOFFELLI, A., LAGORIO, A., KALCHSCHMIDT, M. AND PINTO, R. (2021), “How industry 4.0 technologies influence organizational change? An empirical analysis of Italian SMEs”, Journal of Manufacturing Technology Management, Vol. 32 nº 3, doi: 10.1108/JMTM-04-2019-0135.

DALENOGARE, LS, BENITEZ, GB, AYALA, NF E FRANK, AG (2018), “A contribuição esperada das tecnologias da Indústria 4.0 para o desempenho industrial”, International Journal of Production Economics, vol. 204, pp. 383-394, doi: 10.1016/j.ijpe.2018.08.019.

DAVIES, R., COOLE, T. E SMITH, A. (2017), “Revisão das considerações sociotécnicas para garantir a implementação bem-sucedida da Indústria 4.0”, Procedia Manufacturing, vol. 11, pp. 1288-1295, doi: 10.1016/ j.promfg.2017.07.256.

EGGERS, JP AND PARK, KF (2018). Holder adaptation to technological change: the past, present and future of research on heterogeneous incumbent response. Academy of Management Annals, 12(1), 357–389.

ELMARAGHY, W., ELMARAGHY, H., TOMIYAMA, T., MONOSTORI, L., 2012. Complexity in engineering design and manufacturing. CIRP Ana. Manuf. Tecnol. 61 (2), 793–814.

FANTINI, PAOLA; PINZONE, MARTA; TAISCH, MARCO (2018). Placing the operator at the centre of Industry 4.0 design: Modelling and assessing human activities within cyber-physical systems. Computers & Industrial Engineering, (), S0360835218300329–. doi:10.1016/j.cie.2018.01.025.

FERREIRA, JOÃO J.M.; FERNANDES, CRISTINA I.; FERREIRA, FERNANDO A.F. (2018). To be or not to be digital, that is the question: Firm innovation and performance. Journal of Business Research, (), S0148296318305642–. doi:10.1016/j.jbusres.2018.11.013

FRANK, ALEJANDRO GERMÁN; RIBEIRO, JOSÉ LUIS DUARTE; ECHEVESTE, MÁRCIA ELISA (2015). Factors influencing knowledge transfer between NPD teams: a taxonomic analysis based on a sociotechnical approach. R&D Management, 45(1), 1–22. doi:10.1111/radm.12046


FREY, CB E OSBORNE, MA (2017), “O futuro do emprego: quão suscetíveis são os empregos à informatização?”, Previsão Tecnológica e Mudança Social, vol. 114, pp. 254-280, doi: 10. 1016/j.techfore.2016.08.019.

GALLETTA, A. (2013). Mastering the semi-structured interview and beyond: From research design to analysis and publication. NYU Press

GILCHRIST, A. (2016), Industry 4.0: The Industrial Internet of Things, Apress, Berkeley, CA, doi: 10.1007/ 978-1-4842-2047-4.

HENDRICK, HW AND KLEINER, BM (2000), Macroergonomics: An Introduction to Work System Design, Human Factors and Ergonomics Society, Santa Monica, CA.

HUNZIKER, S., & BLANKENAGEL, M. (2021). Multiple case research design. In Research design in business and management (pp. 163–182). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-34357-6_9

IMRAN FAISAL; KHURAM SHAHZAD, AURANGZEAB BUTT & JUSSI KANTOLA (2021). Digital Transformation of Industrial Organizations: Toward an Integrated Framework, Journal of Change Management, 21:4, 451-479, DOI: 10.1080/14697017.2021.1929406

JÖHNK. J; WEIßERT. M E WYRTKI. K. “Ready or not, AI comes—An Interview Study of Organizational AI Readiness Factors,” Bus. Inf. Sist. Eng., vol. 63, nº. 1, pp. 5–20, 2021.

JONES, PAUL, GEOFF SIMMONS, GARY PACKHAM, PAUL BEYNON-DAVIES AND DAVID PICKERNELL. 2014. “An Exploration of Attitudes and Strategic Responses of Sole Proprietor Microenterprises in Adopting Information and Communication Technology”. International Small Business Journal 32 (3): 285–306.

KESTING, P. E F. GÜNZEL-JENSEN, “PMEs e novos empreendimentos precisam de sofisticação de modelo de negócios”, Business Horizons 58(3), 2015, pp. 285–293.

KLEINER, B. M. (2008). Macroergonomics: Work System Analysis and Design. Human Factors: The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society, 50(3), 461–467. doi:10.1518/001872008X288501.

KRAUS, S; JONES, P; KAILER, N; WEINMANN, A. N. CHAPARRO-BANEGAS E N.ROIG-TIERNO, “Transformação digital: uma visão geral do estado atual da arte da pesquisa”, SAGE Open, vol. 11, não. 3, pp. 1–15, 2021.

KRISHNAMURTHY, SANDEEP (2020). The future of business education: A commentary in the shadow of the Covid-19 pandemic. Journal of Business Research, 117(), 1–5. doi:10.1016/j.jbusres.2020.05.034.

LI, L., SU, F., ZHANG, W., MAO, JY, 2018. Digital Transformation by SME Entrepreneurs: A Capability Perspective. Inf. System J. 28 (6), 1129–1157. doi:10.1111/isj.12153.

LIU, CHIA-WEI; CHENG, JEN-SON. Exploring driving forces of innovation in the MSEs: the case of the sustainable B&B tourism industry. Sustainability, v. 10, n. 11, p. 3983, 2018.

LOMBARDO, G., MORDONINI, M. AND TOMAIUOLO, M. (2021), “Adoption of social media in socio-technical systems: a survey”, Information, Vol. 12 No. 3, pp. 1-23.

LYYTINEN, KALLE; YOO, YOUNGJIN; BOLAND JR., RICHARD J. (2016). Digital product innovation within four classes of innovation networks. Information Systems Journal, 26(1), 47–75. doi:10.1111/isj.12093

MAGALDI, D., & BERLER, M. (2020). Semi-structured interviews. In V. Zeigler-Hill & T. K. Shackelford (Eds.), Encyclopedia of personality and individual differences. Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-24612-3_857

MARCON, ÉRICO; SOLIMAN, MARLON; GERSTLBERGER, WOLFGANG; FRANK, ALEJANDRO G. Sociotechnical factors and Industry 4.0: an integrative perspective for the adoption of smart manufacturing technologies. Journal of Manufacturing Technology Management, [S.l.], v. 33, n. 2, p. 1100, set. 2021.

MATT, CHRISTIAN; HESS, THOMAS; BENLIAN, ALEXANDER (2015). Digital Transformation Strategies. Business & Information Systems Engineering, 57(5), 339–343. doi:10.1007/s12599-015-0401-5.

MELO, ISOTILIA COSTA; QUEIROZ, GEANDRA ALVES ; JUNIOR, PAULO NOCERA ALVES; SOUSA, THALES BOTELHO; YUSHIMITO, WILFREDO F; PEREIRA, JORGE. Sustainable digital transformation in small and medium enterprises (SMEs): A review on performance. Heliyon, 2023.

MERRIAM, S.B. (2014). Qualitative Research: A Guide to Design and Implementation. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.

MILITELLO, LAURA G. et al. Sources of variation in primary care clinical workflow: implications for the design of cognitive support. Health informatics journal, v. 20, n. 1, p. 35-49, 2014.

MOHANTY, ELISA; MISHRA, ANINDYA JAYANTA. Understanding the gendered nature of developing country MSMEs’ access, adoption and use of information and communication technologies for development (ICT4D). International Journal of Gender and Entrepreneurship, v. 12, n. 3, p. 273-295, 2020.

NAMBISAN, S.; WRIGHT, M.; FELDMAN, M. A transformação digital da inovação e empreendedorismo: desafios de progresso e temas chave. Res. Política 2019, 48, 1–9.

NAMBISAN, S., LYYTINEN, K., MAJCHRZAK, A., & SONG, M. (2017). Digital innovation management: reinventing innovation management research in a digital world. MIS Quarterly, 41(1), 223–238.

NORTH, KLAUS; ARAMBURU, NEKANE; LORENZO, OSWALDO JOSE (2020). Promoting digitally enabled growth in SMEs: a framework proposal. Journal of Enterprise Information Management, 33(1), 238–262. doi:10.1108/jeim-04-2019-0103

OIT. (2021). Como a digitalização pode trazer crescimento produtivo para micro e pequenas empresas. Escritório Internacional do Trabalho – Genebra, pag. 52.

ORDIERES-MERÉ, J., 2020. Digitalization: An Opportunity for Contributing to Sustainability From Knowledge Creation, pp. 1–21. doi:10.3390/su12041460

OMRANI. N, REJEB N. MAALAOUI. A, DABIĆ. M, KRAUS. S, (2022). "Drivers of Digital Transformation in SMEs," in IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management, doi: 10.1109/TEM.2022.3215727.

PASCALE CARAYON (2006). Human factors of complex sociotechnical systems. , 37(4), 525–535. doi:10.1016/j.apergo.2006.04.011

PASMORE, WILLIAM; WINBY, STU; MOHRMAN, SUSAN ALBERS; VANASSE, RICK (2018). Reflections: Sociotechnical Systems Design and Organization Change. Journal of Change Management, (), 1–19. doi:10.1080/14697017.2018.1553761

PRIYA, A. (2021). Case study methodology of qualitative research: Key attributes and navigating the conundrums in its application. Sociological Bulletin, 70(1), 1–24. https://doi.org/10.1177/0038022920970318

RASHID, Y., RASHID, A., WARRAICH, M. A., SABIR, S. S., & WASEEM, A. (2019). Case Study Method: A Step-by-Step Guide for Business Researchers. International Journal of Qualitative Methods, 18, 160940691986242.doi:10.1177/1609406919862424

ROWAN, NJ, GALANAKIS, CM, 2020. Uncovering challenges and opportunities presented by the pandemic from COVID-19 to transversal disruption in agrifood innovations and green business: quo Vadis? Total Environment science. 748, 141362. doi:10.1016/ j.scitotenv.2020.141362

SCHUH, G., ANDERL, R., GAUSEMEIER, J. E TEN HOMPEL, M. (2017), Industrie 4.0 Maturity Index: Managing the Digital Transformation of Companies, Acatech STUDY, Munique.

SCHWERTNER, K. (2017). “Digital Transformation of Business.” Trakia Journal of Sciences 15(1), 1-2. https://doi:10.15547/tjs.2017.s.01.065.

SINGH, AJAY KUMAR; ASHRAF, SHAH NAWAZ; ASHISH, A. R. Y. A. Estimating factors affecting technical efficiency in Indian manufacturing sector. Eurasian Journal of Business and Economics, v. 12, n. 24, p. 65-86, 2019.

SZALAVETZ, A. (2019), “Industry 4.0 and Capacity Development in Manufacturing Subsidiaries”, Technological Forecasting and Social Change, vol. 145, pp. 384-395, doi: 10.1016/j.techfore.2018. 06,027.

SOLIMAN, MARLON; SAURIN, TARCISIO ABREU; ANZANELLO, MICHEL JOSE (2018). The impacts of lean production on the complexity of socio-technical systems. International Journal of Production Economics, 197(), 342–357. doi:10.1016/j.ijpe.2018.01.024.

SUN. S, HALL. DJ, CEGIELSKI. CG (2020). Intenção organizacional de adotar big data no contexto B2B: uma visão integrada. Ind Mark Manage 86: 109–121. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indmarman.2019.09.003

TABIM, V. M., AYALA, N. F., & FRANK, A. G. (2021). Implementing vertical integration in the industry 4.0 journey: which factors influence the process of information systems adoption?. Information Systems Frontiers, 1-18.

TANG, YEE KWAN AND VICTOR KONDE. 2020. “Differences in ICT use by entrepreneurial micro-enterprises: evidence from Zambia”. Technology of Information for Development 26 (2): 268–291.

TRIPATHI S, GUPT M. Impact of barriers on industry transformation 4.0 dimensions. In: Conference on Precision, Meso, Micro and Nano Engineering (COPEN 2019).

TRIST, E. AND BAMFORTH, K. (1951), “Some social and psychological consequences of the longwall method of coal-getting”, Human Relations, Vol. 4, pp. 3-38.

ULAS, DILBER (2019). Digital Transformation Process and SMEs. Procedia Computer Science, 158(), 662–671. doi:10.1016/j.procs.2019.09.101

VAUGHAN, D. (1992). Theory elaboration: The heuristics of case analysis. In C. C. Ragin & H. S. Becker (Eds.), What is a case? Exploring the foundations of social inquiry (pp. 173–202). Cambridge University Press.

VEREYCKEN, Y., RAMIOUL, M., DESIERE, S., AND BAL, M. (2021), “Human resource practices that accompany Industry 4.0 in European manufacturing industry”, Journal of Manufacturing Technology Management, Vol. 32 nº 5, pp. 1016-1036, doi: 10.1108/jmtm-08-2020-0331.

VERHOEF, P. C., BROEKHUIZEN, T., BART, Y., BHATTACHARYA, A., DONG, J. Q., FABIAN, N., & HAENLEIN, M. (2021). Digital Transformation: A Multidisciplinary Reflection and Research Agenda. Journal of Business Research, 122, 889-901. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2019.09.022

VIAL, G. (2019). Understanding digital transformation: A review and a research agenda. Journal of Strategic Information Systems, in press, 1-27. doi:10.1016/j.jsis.2019.01.003.

VOGELSANG K, LIERE-NETHELER K, PACKMOHR S, HOPPE U. Barriers to digital transformation in manufacturing: development of a research agenda. Proc 52nd Hawaii Int Conf Sys Sci. 2019

WANG L, YANG M, PATHAN ZH, SALAM S, SHAHZAD K, ZENG J (2018) Analysis of factors influencing the adoption of big data in Chinese companies using the DANP technique. Sustainability 10(11):3956. https://doi. org/10.3390/su10113956

WARNER, KARL S.R.; WÄGER, MAXIMILIAN (2018). Building dynamic capabilities for digital transformation: An ongoing process of strategic renewal. Long Range Planning, (), S0024630117303710–. doi:10.1016/j.lrp.2018.12.001

WOODSIDE, A.G. (2010). Brand-consumer storytelling theory and research: Introduction to a Psychology & Marketing special issue. , 27(6), 531–540. doi:10.1002/mar.20342

YIN, R. K. 2018. Case Study Research and Applications: Design and Methods. 6th ed. ThousandOaks, California: Sage Publications.

YIN, R.K (2012), Applications of Case Study Research, 3ª ed., Sage Publications, Thousand Oaks, Califórnia.

YIN, R., 2009. Case Study Research: Design and Methods. Sage, Los Angeles. Lime.

YOO, Y; HENFRIDSSON, O; & LYYTINEN, K. (2010). The new organizing logic of digital innovation: An agenda for information systems research. Information Systems Research, 21(4), 724-735. doi:10.1287/isre.1100.0322

YU, XINYING; XU, SHI; ASHTON, MARK. Antecedents and outcomes of artificial intelligence adoption and application in the workplace: The socio-technical system theory perspective. Information Technology & People, v. 36, n. 1, p. 454-474, 2023.

ZHANG, XI et al. Anticipating the antecedents of feedback-seeking behavior in digital environments: a socio-technical system perspective. Internet Research, v. 33, n. 1, p. 388-409, 2023.
Published
2023-12-15