Democracia y Desarrollo Económico Basado en la Explotación de Recursos Minerales: Lecciones y Desafíos de la Experiencia Boliviana
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El artículo examina en modo crítico la reciente transformación de la democracia y de la estrategia de desarrollo basada en la explotación de los recursos minerales boliviana. Se exploran los fundamentos teóricos y las limitaciones prácticas del esquema promovido por las instituciones financieras internacionales durante la década de 1990 (democracia liberal con protección efectiva de los derechos de propiedad e inversiones privadas en la industria de hidrocarburos) y se discuten los principales rasgos y desafíos del nuevo enfoque autóctono boliviano (democracia participativa con protección condicional de los derechos de propiedad e inversiones privadas en la industria de hidrocarburos). Si bien la nueva estrategia representa un claro avance, su éxito en el largo plazo dependerá de la capacidad del sistema político para balancear eficientemente las demandas de una sociedad compleja y desigual con las exigencias de una economía de mercado.
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Spognardi, A. (2013). Democracia y Desarrollo Económico Basado en la Explotación de Recursos Minerales:: Lecciones y Desafíos de la Experiencia Boliviana. Revista Sul-Americana De Ciência Política, 1(1), 91-111. https://doi.org/10.15210/rsulacp.v1i1.2313
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AL-MAZEEDI, Wael. Privatizing the national oil companies in the gulf. Energy Policy, v. 20, n.1,1992, p. 983–994.
ALFARO, Laura; KALEMLI-OZCAN, Sebnem; VOLOSOVYCH, Vadym. Why doesn't capital alow from rich to poor countries? An empirical investigation. Review of Economics and Statistics, v.90, n. 2, 2008, p. 347-368.
AUTY, Richard. Resource-based industrialization: sowing the oil in eight developing countries.Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1990.
BARRIOS SUVELZA, Franz. The weakness of excess: the Bolivian state in an unboundeddemocracy. En: CRABTREE, J.; WHITEHEAD, L. Unresolved tensions: Bolivia past and present.Pittsburgh, Pa: University of Pittsburgh Press, 2008.
BOLT, Katharine; MATETE, Mampite; CLEMENS, Michael. Manual for calculating adjusted netsavings. Washington, DC: The World Bank, 2002.
BOYCKO, Maxim; SHLEIFER, Andrei; VISHNY, Robert. Privatizing Russia. Cambridge: MITPress, 1995.
CAMARA BOLIVIANA DE HIDROCARBUROS. El sector de hidrocarburos de Bolivia: realidad histórica, económica y fiscal [Online]. 2005. Disponible en: www.cbh.org.bo. Visualizado por última vez: 23/07/2011.
CORDES, John. An introduction to the taxation of mineral rents. En: OTTO, J. The taxation of mineral enterprises. London: Graham & Trotman, 1995.
DANIEL, Philip; SUNLEY, Emil. Contractual assurances of fiscal stability. En: DANIEL, P.;
KEEN, M.; MCPHERSON, C. The taxation of petroleum and minerals: principles, problems and practice. New York: Routledge, 2010.
FRANKEL, Jeffrey. The natural resource curse: a survey [Online]. National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper n. 15836, 03/2010. Disponible en: http://www.nber.org/papers/w15836.Acceso: 12/05/2011.
FONDO MONETARIO INTERNACIONAL (FMI). Article IV consultation-staff report; supplement and staff statement; public information notice on the executive board discussion; and statement by the executive director for Bolivia. [Online] IMF Country Report n. 11/124, 06/2011. Disponible en: http://www.imf.org/. Acceso: 15/08/2012.
INNIS, Harold. Essays in Canadian economic history. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1956.
FUNDACION JUBILEO. Análisis del origen y destino de las regalías hidrocarburíferas percibidas por el departamento de Tarija: Gestiones 2008-2011 [Online]. Serie Debate Público n. 20, 2012.Disponible en: http://www.jubileobolivia.org.bo. Acceso: 09/08/2012.
FUNDACION MILENIO. Gestión 2008 [Online]. Informe de milenio sobre la economía, 2008.Disponible en: http://www.fundacionmilenio.org/Informe-economico. Acceso: 09/08/2012.
______. Reservas de gas natural en Bolivia [Online]. Informe nacional de coyuntura n. 71, 2010.Disponible en: http://www.fundacion milenio.org/Table/Informe-Nacional-de-Coyuntura/. Acceso:15/08/2012.
______. La importancia de una nueva ley de hidrocarburos con nuevos roles [Online]. Informe Nacional de Coyuntura n. 129, 2012. Disponible en: http://www.fundacionmilenio.org/Table/Informe-Nacional-de-Coyuntura/. Acceso: 15/08/2012.
GELB, Alan. Oil windfalls: blessing or curse? New York: Oxford University Press, 1998.
GOCHENOUR, Thomas. The coming capacity shortfall: the constraints on OPEC’s investmentin spare capacity expansion. Energy Policy, v. 20, n. 10, 1992, p. 973–982.
GRAFTON, Quentin et al. The economics of the environmental and natural resources. Malden,MA: Blackwell, 2004.
HAY, Jonathan; SHLEIFER, Andrei; VISHNY, Robert. Privatization in transition economies:toward a theory of legal reform. European Economic Review, v. 40, 1996, p. 559-567.
HOFF, Karla; STIGLITZ, Joseph. The creation of the rule of law and the legitimacy of property rights: the political and economic consequences of a corrupt privatization [Online]. National Bureau of Economic Research, Working Paper n. 11772, 11/2005. Disponible en: http://www.nber.org/papers/w11772. Acceso: 17/05/2011.
______. After the big bang? Obstacles to the emergence of the rule of law in post-communist societies. American Economic Review, v. 94, n. 3, 2004, p. 753-763.
INSTITUTO INTERNACIONAL PARA LA DEMOCRACIA Y LA ASISTENCIA ELECTORAL (IDEA INTERNACIONAL), VICEPRESIDENCIA DEL ESTADO PLURINACIONAL DE BOLIVIA, UNIVERSIDAD MAYOR DE SAN ANDRES. Miradas: Nuevo Texto Constitucional. La Paz: Vicepresidencia del Estado Plurinacional de Bolivia, 2010.
JAIDAH, Ali. Problems and prospects of state petroleum enterprises in OPEC countries.OPEC Review, v. 2, n. 2, 1978, p. 1-7.
JOHNSTON, Daniel. International petroleum fiscal systems and production sharing contracts.Tulsa: PennWell Books, 1994.
KARL, Terry. The paradox of plenty: oil booms and petro-states. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1997.
KAUFMANN, Daniel; KRAAY, Aart; MASTRUZZI, Massimo. The worldwide governance indicators: methodology and analytical issues [Online]. World Bank Policy Research, Working Paper Series n. 5430, 09/2010. Disponible en: http://ssrn.com/abstract=1682130. Acceso: 21/03/2011.
LINDBLOM, Charles. The market as prison. The Journal of Politics, v. 44, n. 2, 1982, p. 324-336.
MAHDAVY, Hossein. Patterns and problems of economic development in rentier states: the case of Iran. En: COOK. M.A. Studies in the economic history of the Middle East. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1970.
MAYORGA, René. La crisis del sistema de partidos políticos: caso Bolivia. En: KORNBLITH, M.et al. Partidos políticos en la región andina: entre la crisis y el cambio. Estocolmo: International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance, 2004.
______. Presidencialismo parlamentarizado y gobiernos de coalición en Bolivia. En: Lanzaro, J.Tipos de presidencialismo y coaliciones en América Latina. Buenos Aires: CLACSO, 2001.
MCGUIGAN, Claire. The benefits of FDI: is foreign investment in Bolivia’s oil and gas delivering?[Online]. Christian Aid Centro de Estudios para el Desarrollo Laboral y Agrario Report, 2007.Disponible en: http://www.boliviainfoforum.org.uk. Acceso: 23/04/2012.
MEDINACELI MONROY, Marcelo. Precios, tributos e inversión: una relación tan poco comprendida. Petroleo & Gas, Ene-Mar, 2008, p. 8-15.
MORLINO, Leonardo. Changes for democracy: actors, structures, processes. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011.
MÜLLER, Katharina. Contested universalism: from bonosol to renta dignidad en Bolivia. International Journal of Social Welfare, v. 18, n. 2, 2009, p. 163-172.
NORTH, Douglas. Location theory and regional economic growth. Journal of Political Economy, v.63, n. 3, 1955, p. 243-258.
PERREAULT, Thomas. Natural gas, indigenous mobilization and the Bolivian state [Online].United Nations Research Institute for Social Development, Identities, Conflict and Cohesion Programme, Paper n. 12, 07/2008. Disponible en: http://www.unrisd.org/. Acceso: 21/05/2011.
SACHS, Jeffrey; WARNER, M. The big rush, natural resource booms and growth. Journal of Development Economics, v. 59, n. 1, 1999, p. 43-76.
SHLEIFER, Andrei; VISHNY, Robert. The grabbing hand: government pathologies and their cures. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1998.
SHAFER, Michael. Winners and losers: how sectors shape the developmental prospects of states.Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1994.
STIGLITZ, Joseph. What’s the role of the state? En: HUMPHREYS, M.; SACHS, J.; STIGLITZ, J.Escaping the resource curse. New York: Columbia University Press, 2007.
TORDO, Silvana. Fiscal systems for hydrocarbons: design issues. Washington, DC: The World Bank, 2007.
WANG, Xiaozu; XU, Lixin; ZHU, Tian. Foreign direct investment under weak rule of law: theory and evidence from China [Online]. World Bank Policy Research, Working paper series n. 5790,09/2011. Disponible en: http://ssrn.com/abstract=1923548. Acceso: 10/08/2012.
WATKINS, Melville. A saple theory of economic growth. Canadian Journal of Economics and Political Science, v. 19, n. 2, 1963, p. 141-158.
WHEELER, David. Sources of stagnation in Sub-Saharan Africa. World Development, v. 12, n. 1,1984, p. 1-23.
WHITEHEAD, Laurence. La democratización frustrada de Bolivia, 1977-1980. En O’DONNELL,
G.; SCHMITTER, P.; WHITEHEAD, L. Transiciones desde un gobierno autoritario (Tomo 2):América Latina. Barcelona: Paidós, 1986.
WOLFF, Jonas. Postliberal democracy emerging? A conceptual proposal and the case of Bolivia [Online]. Peace and Research Institute Frankfurt, Working paper n. 11, 02/2012. Disponible en:http://www.hsfk.de. Acceso: 17/07/2012.
WORLD BANK. Bolivia: Natural gas sector policies and issues [On line]. Activity completion report n. ESM16493: Energy Sector Management Assistance Programme, Washington, DC: World Bank, 1993.
YATES, Douglas. The rentier state in Africa: oil rent dependency and neocolonialism in the Republic of Gabon. Trenton, NJ: Africa World Press, 1996.
YACIMIENTOS PETROLIFEROS FISCALES BOLIVIANOS (YPFB). Audiencia pública de rendición de cuentas [Online]. 01/2012. Disponible en: www.ypfb.gob.bo. Acceso: 07/08/2012.
______. Memoria anual 2006 [Online]. 2006. Disponible en: www.ypfb.gob.bo. Acceso:07/08/2012.
______. Informe mensual diciembre de 2001 [Online] 12/2001. Disponible en: www.ypfb.gob.bo.Acceso: 07/08/2012.
ALFARO, Laura; KALEMLI-OZCAN, Sebnem; VOLOSOVYCH, Vadym. Why doesn't capital alow from rich to poor countries? An empirical investigation. Review of Economics and Statistics, v.90, n. 2, 2008, p. 347-368.
AUTY, Richard. Resource-based industrialization: sowing the oil in eight developing countries.Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1990.
BARRIOS SUVELZA, Franz. The weakness of excess: the Bolivian state in an unboundeddemocracy. En: CRABTREE, J.; WHITEHEAD, L. Unresolved tensions: Bolivia past and present.Pittsburgh, Pa: University of Pittsburgh Press, 2008.
BOLT, Katharine; MATETE, Mampite; CLEMENS, Michael. Manual for calculating adjusted netsavings. Washington, DC: The World Bank, 2002.
BOYCKO, Maxim; SHLEIFER, Andrei; VISHNY, Robert. Privatizing Russia. Cambridge: MITPress, 1995.
CAMARA BOLIVIANA DE HIDROCARBUROS. El sector de hidrocarburos de Bolivia: realidad histórica, económica y fiscal [Online]. 2005. Disponible en: www.cbh.org.bo. Visualizado por última vez: 23/07/2011.
CORDES, John. An introduction to the taxation of mineral rents. En: OTTO, J. The taxation of mineral enterprises. London: Graham & Trotman, 1995.
DANIEL, Philip; SUNLEY, Emil. Contractual assurances of fiscal stability. En: DANIEL, P.;
KEEN, M.; MCPHERSON, C. The taxation of petroleum and minerals: principles, problems and practice. New York: Routledge, 2010.
FRANKEL, Jeffrey. The natural resource curse: a survey [Online]. National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper n. 15836, 03/2010. Disponible en: http://www.nber.org/papers/w15836.Acceso: 12/05/2011.
FONDO MONETARIO INTERNACIONAL (FMI). Article IV consultation-staff report; supplement and staff statement; public information notice on the executive board discussion; and statement by the executive director for Bolivia. [Online] IMF Country Report n. 11/124, 06/2011. Disponible en: http://www.imf.org/. Acceso: 15/08/2012.
INNIS, Harold. Essays in Canadian economic history. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1956.
FUNDACION JUBILEO. Análisis del origen y destino de las regalías hidrocarburíferas percibidas por el departamento de Tarija: Gestiones 2008-2011 [Online]. Serie Debate Público n. 20, 2012.Disponible en: http://www.jubileobolivia.org.bo. Acceso: 09/08/2012.
FUNDACION MILENIO. Gestión 2008 [Online]. Informe de milenio sobre la economía, 2008.Disponible en: http://www.fundacionmilenio.org/Informe-economico. Acceso: 09/08/2012.
______. Reservas de gas natural en Bolivia [Online]. Informe nacional de coyuntura n. 71, 2010.Disponible en: http://www.fundacion milenio.org/Table/Informe-Nacional-de-Coyuntura/. Acceso:15/08/2012.
______. La importancia de una nueva ley de hidrocarburos con nuevos roles [Online]. Informe Nacional de Coyuntura n. 129, 2012. Disponible en: http://www.fundacionmilenio.org/Table/Informe-Nacional-de-Coyuntura/. Acceso: 15/08/2012.
GELB, Alan. Oil windfalls: blessing or curse? New York: Oxford University Press, 1998.
GOCHENOUR, Thomas. The coming capacity shortfall: the constraints on OPEC’s investmentin spare capacity expansion. Energy Policy, v. 20, n. 10, 1992, p. 973–982.
GRAFTON, Quentin et al. The economics of the environmental and natural resources. Malden,MA: Blackwell, 2004.
HAY, Jonathan; SHLEIFER, Andrei; VISHNY, Robert. Privatization in transition economies:toward a theory of legal reform. European Economic Review, v. 40, 1996, p. 559-567.
HOFF, Karla; STIGLITZ, Joseph. The creation of the rule of law and the legitimacy of property rights: the political and economic consequences of a corrupt privatization [Online]. National Bureau of Economic Research, Working Paper n. 11772, 11/2005. Disponible en: http://www.nber.org/papers/w11772. Acceso: 17/05/2011.
______. After the big bang? Obstacles to the emergence of the rule of law in post-communist societies. American Economic Review, v. 94, n. 3, 2004, p. 753-763.
INSTITUTO INTERNACIONAL PARA LA DEMOCRACIA Y LA ASISTENCIA ELECTORAL (IDEA INTERNACIONAL), VICEPRESIDENCIA DEL ESTADO PLURINACIONAL DE BOLIVIA, UNIVERSIDAD MAYOR DE SAN ANDRES. Miradas: Nuevo Texto Constitucional. La Paz: Vicepresidencia del Estado Plurinacional de Bolivia, 2010.
JAIDAH, Ali. Problems and prospects of state petroleum enterprises in OPEC countries.OPEC Review, v. 2, n. 2, 1978, p. 1-7.
JOHNSTON, Daniel. International petroleum fiscal systems and production sharing contracts.Tulsa: PennWell Books, 1994.
KARL, Terry. The paradox of plenty: oil booms and petro-states. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1997.
KAUFMANN, Daniel; KRAAY, Aart; MASTRUZZI, Massimo. The worldwide governance indicators: methodology and analytical issues [Online]. World Bank Policy Research, Working Paper Series n. 5430, 09/2010. Disponible en: http://ssrn.com/abstract=1682130. Acceso: 21/03/2011.
LINDBLOM, Charles. The market as prison. The Journal of Politics, v. 44, n. 2, 1982, p. 324-336.
MAHDAVY, Hossein. Patterns and problems of economic development in rentier states: the case of Iran. En: COOK. M.A. Studies in the economic history of the Middle East. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1970.
MAYORGA, René. La crisis del sistema de partidos políticos: caso Bolivia. En: KORNBLITH, M.et al. Partidos políticos en la región andina: entre la crisis y el cambio. Estocolmo: International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance, 2004.
______. Presidencialismo parlamentarizado y gobiernos de coalición en Bolivia. En: Lanzaro, J.Tipos de presidencialismo y coaliciones en América Latina. Buenos Aires: CLACSO, 2001.
MCGUIGAN, Claire. The benefits of FDI: is foreign investment in Bolivia’s oil and gas delivering?[Online]. Christian Aid Centro de Estudios para el Desarrollo Laboral y Agrario Report, 2007.Disponible en: http://www.boliviainfoforum.org.uk. Acceso: 23/04/2012.
MEDINACELI MONROY, Marcelo. Precios, tributos e inversión: una relación tan poco comprendida. Petroleo & Gas, Ene-Mar, 2008, p. 8-15.
MORLINO, Leonardo. Changes for democracy: actors, structures, processes. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011.
MÜLLER, Katharina. Contested universalism: from bonosol to renta dignidad en Bolivia. International Journal of Social Welfare, v. 18, n. 2, 2009, p. 163-172.
NORTH, Douglas. Location theory and regional economic growth. Journal of Political Economy, v.63, n. 3, 1955, p. 243-258.
PERREAULT, Thomas. Natural gas, indigenous mobilization and the Bolivian state [Online].United Nations Research Institute for Social Development, Identities, Conflict and Cohesion Programme, Paper n. 12, 07/2008. Disponible en: http://www.unrisd.org/. Acceso: 21/05/2011.
SACHS, Jeffrey; WARNER, M. The big rush, natural resource booms and growth. Journal of Development Economics, v. 59, n. 1, 1999, p. 43-76.
SHLEIFER, Andrei; VISHNY, Robert. The grabbing hand: government pathologies and their cures. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1998.
SHAFER, Michael. Winners and losers: how sectors shape the developmental prospects of states.Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1994.
STIGLITZ, Joseph. What’s the role of the state? En: HUMPHREYS, M.; SACHS, J.; STIGLITZ, J.Escaping the resource curse. New York: Columbia University Press, 2007.
TORDO, Silvana. Fiscal systems for hydrocarbons: design issues. Washington, DC: The World Bank, 2007.
WANG, Xiaozu; XU, Lixin; ZHU, Tian. Foreign direct investment under weak rule of law: theory and evidence from China [Online]. World Bank Policy Research, Working paper series n. 5790,09/2011. Disponible en: http://ssrn.com/abstract=1923548. Acceso: 10/08/2012.
WATKINS, Melville. A saple theory of economic growth. Canadian Journal of Economics and Political Science, v. 19, n. 2, 1963, p. 141-158.
WHEELER, David. Sources of stagnation in Sub-Saharan Africa. World Development, v. 12, n. 1,1984, p. 1-23.
WHITEHEAD, Laurence. La democratización frustrada de Bolivia, 1977-1980. En O’DONNELL,
G.; SCHMITTER, P.; WHITEHEAD, L. Transiciones desde un gobierno autoritario (Tomo 2):América Latina. Barcelona: Paidós, 1986.
WOLFF, Jonas. Postliberal democracy emerging? A conceptual proposal and the case of Bolivia [Online]. Peace and Research Institute Frankfurt, Working paper n. 11, 02/2012. Disponible en:http://www.hsfk.de. Acceso: 17/07/2012.
WORLD BANK. Bolivia: Natural gas sector policies and issues [On line]. Activity completion report n. ESM16493: Energy Sector Management Assistance Programme, Washington, DC: World Bank, 1993.
YATES, Douglas. The rentier state in Africa: oil rent dependency and neocolonialism in the Republic of Gabon. Trenton, NJ: Africa World Press, 1996.
YACIMIENTOS PETROLIFEROS FISCALES BOLIVIANOS (YPFB). Audiencia pública de rendición de cuentas [Online]. 01/2012. Disponible en: www.ypfb.gob.bo. Acceso: 07/08/2012.
______. Memoria anual 2006 [Online]. 2006. Disponible en: www.ypfb.gob.bo. Acceso:07/08/2012.
______. Informe mensual diciembre de 2001 [Online] 12/2001. Disponible en: www.ypfb.gob.bo.Acceso: 07/08/2012.