The Public Perception of Police Corruption in Venezuela and its Effect on National Government
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It is not surprising that many citizens of Latin American countries believe public officials are corrupt. Decades of authoritarian rule, crime, and highly publicized corruption scandals have reduced confidence in many, if not all, government institutions. The public perception of corruption in Venezuela however, presents an intriguing case. Traditional explanations—economic factors, regime stability, and quality of life—are unable to account for the high levels of perceived corruption in government. This author argues, the public perception of police corruption strongly influences the perception of corruption in national government in Venezuela. Using OLS regression, the author statistical analyzes national-level Latinobarómetro data from 2002-2010. The results indicate a strong, significant relationship between perception of police and government corruption.
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Jennifer Marek. (2021). The Public Perception of Police Corruption in Venezuela and its Effect on National Government. Revista Sul-Americana De Ciência Política, 1(3), 1-21. Recuperado a partir de https://revistas.ufpel.edu.br/index.php/Sul/article/view/144
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Artigos
Citas
ANTILLANO, Andres. Abriendo la caja negra: características y funciones latentes de la policía venezolana. Capítulo Criminológico, v. 37, n. 1, 2009, p. 103-132.
BAYLEY, David H. Patterns of policing: a comparative international analysis. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1985.
BIRKBECK, Christopher; GABALDÓN, Luis Gerardo. Accounts and accountability: monitoring the use of force by police in Venezuela (Draft) [Online]. Accessed on: 15-03-2011.
BIRKBECK, Christopher. Venezuela: the shifting organizational framework for the police. Police Practice and Research, v. 10, n. 4, August 2009, p. 295 –304.
BLAKE, Charles H. Public attitudes toward corruption. In: BLAKE, C.; MORRIS, S. D. Corruption and democracy in Latin America. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 2009.
BLAKE, Charles H.; MORRIS, Stephen D. Corruption and democracy in Latin America. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 2009.
CANACHE, Damarys; ALLISON, Michael E. 2005. Perceptions of political corruption in Latin American democracies. Latin American Politics and Society, v. 47, n. 3, p. 91–111.
CAROLL, Rory. Deadly force: Venezuela's police have become a law unto themselves. The Guardian, Sep. 6, 2009. Available at: http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2009/sep/06/venezuela-police-law
themselves. Accessed on: 05/03/2011.
CIA World Factbook. Various Latin American countries. Available at: cia.gov. Accessed on: 24/03/2011.
CONAREPOL - Comision Nacional Para La Reforma Policial. Recomendaciones generales 2007. Available at: http://www.consejopolicia.gob.ve/index.php/component/joomdoc/conarepol/detail.
Accessed on: 10/03/2011.
DI JOHN, Jonathon. Economic liberalization, political instability, and state capacity in Venezuela. International Political Science Review, v. 26, n. 1, 2005, p. 107-124.
GATES, Leslie. The politics of corruption in Venezuela. SUNY-Binghamton. 2009. Available from: http://lasa.international.pitt.edu/members/congress-papers/lasa2009/files/GatesLeslie.pdf
GATTI, Roberta; PATERNOSTRO, Stefano; RIGOLINI, Jamele. Individual attitudes toward corruption: do social effects matter? World Bank Policy Research Working Paper 3122. World Bank,
2003.
GATTI, Roberta; FISMAN, Raymond. Decentralization and corruption: evidence across countries. Journal of Public Economics, v. 83, 2002, p. 325-345.
HEIDENHEIMER, Arnold J. Perspectives on the perception of corruption. In: HEIDENHEIMER, A.; JOHNSON, M. (Eds.). Political corruption: concepts and contexts - third edition. New Brunswick:
Transaction Publishers, 2002.
INE - Instituto Nacional de Estadística. República Bolivariana de Venezuela. Informe Encuesta Nacional de Victimización y Percepción Policial [Online]. 2006. Available at: http://www.oas.org/dsp/PDFs/Victimizacion_y_Percepcion_Policial_2006[1].pdf. Accessed on: 01/03/2011.
INTERNET Center for Corruption Research. Older Indices [Online]. Available from: http://www.icgg.org/corruption.cpi_olderindices.html. 2008. Accessed on: 06/03/2011.
JANICKE, K. Venezuela launches new national police force to transform policing model [Online]. Dec. 21, 2009. Available from: http://venezuelanalysis.com/news/5021. Accessed on: 15/02/2011.
JOHNSTON, Michael. Keeping the answers, changing the questions: corruption definitions revisited. PVS Special Issue, 2005, p. 61-76.
KAUFMANN, Daniel; WEI, Shang-Jin. Does “grease money” speed up the wheels of commerce?
[Online]. World Bank, 1999. Available from: http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/WBI/EXTWBIGOVANTCOR/0,,contentMDK:2078 9888~pagePK:64168445~piPK:64168309~theSitePK:1740530~isCURL:Y,00.html. Accessed on: 04/01/2011.
LATINOBARÓMETRO. Data on police and government corruption for various Latin American countries [Online]. Available from: http://www.latinobarometro.org/latino/LATAnalize.jsp. Accessed on: 05/03/2011.
LATINOBARÓMETRO. Methodology [Online]. 2007. Available from: http://www.latinobarometro.org/latino/LATContenidos.jsp Accessed on: 05/03/2011.
LITTLE, Walter; HERRERA, Antonio. Political corruption in Venezuela. In: LITTLE, Walter; POSADO-CARBO, Eduardo (Eds.). Political corruption in Europe and Latin America. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1996.
MOROFF, Holger. A polychromatic turn in corruption research? Crime, Law and Social Change, v. 42, n. 11, 2004, p. 83-97.
MOCAN, Naci. What determines corruption? International evidence from micro data. NBER Working Paper, n. 10460, 2004.
PROVEA. Situación de los derechos humanos en Venezuela. Informe Anual 2000-2006. Available at: http://www.derechos.org.ve/pw/?attachment_id=1771.
PUNCH, Maurice. Police corruption and its prevention. European Journal on Criminal Policy and Research, v.8, 2000, p. 301–324.
ROSE, Richard; MISHLER, William. Experience versus perception of corruption: Russia as a test case. Global Crime, v. 11, n. 2, 2010, p. 145-163.
ROTHSTEIN, Bo; USLANER, Eric. All for all: equality, corruption, and social trust. World Politics, v. 58, 2005,p. 41–72.
SELIGSON, Michael. The measurement and impact of corruption victimization: survey evidence from Latin America. World Development, v. 34, n. 2, 2006, p. 381-404.
SUGGETT, James. Fighting corruption or persecuting political opponents in Venezuela? A response to the New York Times [Online]. Venezuelaanalysis.com Apr., 13, 2010. Accessed on: 12-09-2013. Available at: http://venezuelanalysis.com/analysis/5275
TRANSPARENCY INTERNATIONAL. Corruption perception index Report [Online]. 2010. Available at: http://www.transparency.org/policy_research/surveys_indices/cpi/2010/in_detail#1. Accessed on: 06/03/2011.
TRANSPARENCY INTERNATIONAL. Short methodology. 2010. Available at: http://www.transparency.org/cpi2010/in_detail US STATE DEPARTMENT. Human rights report: Venezuela. Bureau of Democracy, human rights, and labor [Online]. Available at: http://www.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/2010/wha/154523.htm Accessed on: 17/04/2011.
VENEZUELA. Documento técnico-encuesta nacional de victimizacion y percepción de seguridad ciudadana [Online]. 2009. Available at: infovenezuela.org/encuesta-INE-inseguridad.pdf Accessed on:
01/03/2011.
VENEZUELAANALYSIS.COM. Venezuela’s metropolitan police of Caracas disbanded [Online]. Available at: http://venezuelanalysis.com/news/6107 Accessed on: 14/04/2011.
WALLACE, Claire; LATCHEVA, Rossalina. Economic transformation outside the law: corruption, trust in public institutions and the informal economy in transition countries of Central and Eastern
Europe. Europe-Asia Studies, v. 58, n. 1, 2006, p. 81-102. WINSLOW, Robert. A comparative criminology tour of the world [Online]. San Diego State University. Available at: http://www-rohan.sdsu.edu/faculty/rwinslow/Accessed on: 17/03/2011.
WORLD VALUES SURVEY. Data analysis: Venezuela (1996, 2000) [Online]. Available at: http://www.wvsevsdb.com/wvs/WVSData.jsp. Accessed on: 12/03/2011.
BAYLEY, David H. Patterns of policing: a comparative international analysis. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1985.
BIRKBECK, Christopher; GABALDÓN, Luis Gerardo. Accounts and accountability: monitoring the use of force by police in Venezuela (Draft) [Online]. Accessed on: 15-03-2011.
BIRKBECK, Christopher. Venezuela: the shifting organizational framework for the police. Police Practice and Research, v. 10, n. 4, August 2009, p. 295 –304.
BLAKE, Charles H. Public attitudes toward corruption. In: BLAKE, C.; MORRIS, S. D. Corruption and democracy in Latin America. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 2009.
BLAKE, Charles H.; MORRIS, Stephen D. Corruption and democracy in Latin America. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 2009.
CANACHE, Damarys; ALLISON, Michael E. 2005. Perceptions of political corruption in Latin American democracies. Latin American Politics and Society, v. 47, n. 3, p. 91–111.
CAROLL, Rory. Deadly force: Venezuela's police have become a law unto themselves. The Guardian, Sep. 6, 2009. Available at: http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2009/sep/06/venezuela-police-law
themselves. Accessed on: 05/03/2011.
CIA World Factbook. Various Latin American countries. Available at: cia.gov. Accessed on: 24/03/2011.
CONAREPOL - Comision Nacional Para La Reforma Policial. Recomendaciones generales 2007. Available at: http://www.consejopolicia.gob.ve/index.php/component/joomdoc/conarepol/detail.
Accessed on: 10/03/2011.
DI JOHN, Jonathon. Economic liberalization, political instability, and state capacity in Venezuela. International Political Science Review, v. 26, n. 1, 2005, p. 107-124.
GATES, Leslie. The politics of corruption in Venezuela. SUNY-Binghamton. 2009. Available from: http://lasa.international.pitt.edu/members/congress-papers/lasa2009/files/GatesLeslie.pdf
GATTI, Roberta; PATERNOSTRO, Stefano; RIGOLINI, Jamele. Individual attitudes toward corruption: do social effects matter? World Bank Policy Research Working Paper 3122. World Bank,
2003.
GATTI, Roberta; FISMAN, Raymond. Decentralization and corruption: evidence across countries. Journal of Public Economics, v. 83, 2002, p. 325-345.
HEIDENHEIMER, Arnold J. Perspectives on the perception of corruption. In: HEIDENHEIMER, A.; JOHNSON, M. (Eds.). Political corruption: concepts and contexts - third edition. New Brunswick:
Transaction Publishers, 2002.
INE - Instituto Nacional de Estadística. República Bolivariana de Venezuela. Informe Encuesta Nacional de Victimización y Percepción Policial [Online]. 2006. Available at: http://www.oas.org/dsp/PDFs/Victimizacion_y_Percepcion_Policial_2006[1].pdf. Accessed on: 01/03/2011.
INTERNET Center for Corruption Research. Older Indices [Online]. Available from: http://www.icgg.org/corruption.cpi_olderindices.html. 2008. Accessed on: 06/03/2011.
JANICKE, K. Venezuela launches new national police force to transform policing model [Online]. Dec. 21, 2009. Available from: http://venezuelanalysis.com/news/5021. Accessed on: 15/02/2011.
JOHNSTON, Michael. Keeping the answers, changing the questions: corruption definitions revisited. PVS Special Issue, 2005, p. 61-76.
KAUFMANN, Daniel; WEI, Shang-Jin. Does “grease money” speed up the wheels of commerce?
[Online]. World Bank, 1999. Available from: http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/WBI/EXTWBIGOVANTCOR/0,,contentMDK:2078 9888~pagePK:64168445~piPK:64168309~theSitePK:1740530~isCURL:Y,00.html. Accessed on: 04/01/2011.
LATINOBARÓMETRO. Data on police and government corruption for various Latin American countries [Online]. Available from: http://www.latinobarometro.org/latino/LATAnalize.jsp. Accessed on: 05/03/2011.
LATINOBARÓMETRO. Methodology [Online]. 2007. Available from: http://www.latinobarometro.org/latino/LATContenidos.jsp Accessed on: 05/03/2011.
LITTLE, Walter; HERRERA, Antonio. Political corruption in Venezuela. In: LITTLE, Walter; POSADO-CARBO, Eduardo (Eds.). Political corruption in Europe and Latin America. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1996.
MOROFF, Holger. A polychromatic turn in corruption research? Crime, Law and Social Change, v. 42, n. 11, 2004, p. 83-97.
MOCAN, Naci. What determines corruption? International evidence from micro data. NBER Working Paper, n. 10460, 2004.
PROVEA. Situación de los derechos humanos en Venezuela. Informe Anual 2000-2006. Available at: http://www.derechos.org.ve/pw/?attachment_id=1771.
PUNCH, Maurice. Police corruption and its prevention. European Journal on Criminal Policy and Research, v.8, 2000, p. 301–324.
ROSE, Richard; MISHLER, William. Experience versus perception of corruption: Russia as a test case. Global Crime, v. 11, n. 2, 2010, p. 145-163.
ROTHSTEIN, Bo; USLANER, Eric. All for all: equality, corruption, and social trust. World Politics, v. 58, 2005,p. 41–72.
SELIGSON, Michael. The measurement and impact of corruption victimization: survey evidence from Latin America. World Development, v. 34, n. 2, 2006, p. 381-404.
SUGGETT, James. Fighting corruption or persecuting political opponents in Venezuela? A response to the New York Times [Online]. Venezuelaanalysis.com Apr., 13, 2010. Accessed on: 12-09-2013. Available at: http://venezuelanalysis.com/analysis/5275
TRANSPARENCY INTERNATIONAL. Corruption perception index Report [Online]. 2010. Available at: http://www.transparency.org/policy_research/surveys_indices/cpi/2010/in_detail#1. Accessed on: 06/03/2011.
TRANSPARENCY INTERNATIONAL. Short methodology. 2010. Available at: http://www.transparency.org/cpi2010/in_detail US STATE DEPARTMENT. Human rights report: Venezuela. Bureau of Democracy, human rights, and labor [Online]. Available at: http://www.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/2010/wha/154523.htm Accessed on: 17/04/2011.
VENEZUELA. Documento técnico-encuesta nacional de victimizacion y percepción de seguridad ciudadana [Online]. 2009. Available at: infovenezuela.org/encuesta-INE-inseguridad.pdf Accessed on:
01/03/2011.
VENEZUELAANALYSIS.COM. Venezuela’s metropolitan police of Caracas disbanded [Online]. Available at: http://venezuelanalysis.com/news/6107 Accessed on: 14/04/2011.
WALLACE, Claire; LATCHEVA, Rossalina. Economic transformation outside the law: corruption, trust in public institutions and the informal economy in transition countries of Central and Eastern
Europe. Europe-Asia Studies, v. 58, n. 1, 2006, p. 81-102. WINSLOW, Robert. A comparative criminology tour of the world [Online]. San Diego State University. Available at: http://www-rohan.sdsu.edu/faculty/rwinslow/Accessed on: 17/03/2011.
WORLD VALUES SURVEY. Data analysis: Venezuela (1996, 2000) [Online]. Available at: http://www.wvsevsdb.com/wvs/WVSData.jsp. Accessed on: 12/03/2011.