O Uso do Sorteio para a Escolha de Candidatos uma análise das experiências do PASOK (Grécia) e do MORENA (México)
Main Article Content
Abstract
This article analyzes two experiences involving sortition in choosing candidates for
elective positions. The first occurred in 2006, when the Greek party PASOK gathered a
representative sample of citizens to select their candidate for Marusi prefecture. The second
occurred in 2015, when the Mexican party MORENA randomly selected some candidates from the
electoral list to run for federal office. Based on the methodology of reconstructing social processes
and bibliographic analysis, this article shows the dynamics around these case studies and how they
are inserted in a global context of return to the use of sortition in democracy. The article argues that
the random selection of citizens brings a gain of legitimacy and that the initiatives of PASOK and
MORENA are interesting examples in the choice of candidates, especially for mitigating some
perverse effects linked to the phenomenon of verticalization in political parties.
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Rubião, A. (2021). O Uso do Sorteio para a Escolha de Candidatos: uma análise das experiências do PASOK (Grécia) e do MORENA (México). Revista Sul-Americana De Ciência Política, 7(1), 1-17. Retrieved from https://revistas.ufpel.edu.br/index.php/Sul/article/view/27
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References
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ANDUIZA PEREA, Eva. ¿Individuos o sistemas? Las razones de la abstención en Europa
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1999.
ARISTÓTELES. Política. Brasília: Editora da Universidade de Brasília, 1997.
AVRITZER, Leonardo. Participatory institutions in democratic Brazil. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins
University Press, 2009.
BARNETT, Anthony; CARTY, Peter. The Athenian option: radical reform for the House of Lords
(luck of the draw: sortition and public policy). Charlottesville: Imprint Academic, 1998.
BERGER Peter L.; NEUHAUS, Richard J. To Empower People. From State to Civil Society.
Washington: American Enterprise Institute, 1977.
BOLIVAR MEZA, Rosendo. Morena: el partido del lopezobradorismo. Polis, v. 10, n. 2, s.p., 2014.
Disponível em: http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?pid=S1870-
23332014000200004&script=sci_arttext. Acesso em: 29 maio 2021.
BOUGNOUX, Daniel. La crise de la représentation. Paris: La Découverte, 2006.
BOURICIUS, Terril. Democracy through multi-body sortition. Athenian lessons for the modern
day. Journal of Public Deliberation, v. 9, n. 1, p. 1-19, 2013.
BRAGA, Maria do Socorro Souza; AMARAL, Oswaldo E. Implicações do processo de seleção de
candidatos na competição partidária: o caso brasileiro. Revista de Sociologia e Política, v. 21, n. 46,
p. 33-43, 2013.
BUCHSTEIN, Hubertus. Randomizing Europe: the lottery as a decision-making procedure for
policy creation in the EU. Critical Policy Studies, v. 3, n. 1, p. 29-57, 2009.
CALLENBACH, Ernest; PHILLIPS, Michael. A Citizen Legislature. Berkeley: BanyanTree/Clear
Glass, 1985.
CALLON, Michel et al. Agir dans un monde incertain: essai sur la démocratie technique. Paris:
Editions du Seuil, 2001.
CASTRO, Alexei Daniel Serafín. Uso del sorteo, participación política y democracia. Una lección
para México. In: Anais do VI Congreso Nacional de Ciencias Sociales, 2018. Disponível em:
https://scholar.google.com.br/scholar?hl=ptPT&as_sdt=0%2C5&q=CASTRO%2C+Alexei+Daniel+Seraf%C3%ADn.+Uso+del+sorteo%2C+p
articipaci%C3%B3n+pol%C3%ADtica+y+democracia.+&btnG=. Acesso em: 29 maio 2021.
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(Eds.). Deliberative democracy. Essays on reason and politics. Massachusetts: Massachusetts
Institute of Tecnology, 1999.
COOK, Kimberly J.; POWELL, Chris. Unfinished Business: Aboriginal Reconciliation and
Restorative Justice in Australia. Contemporary Justice Review, v. 6, n. 3, p. 279-291, 2003.
CROSBY, Ned. In search of the competent citizen. Working Paper. Plymouth: Center for New
Democratic Processes, 1975.
CZUDNOWSKI, Moshe M. Political Recruitment. In: GREENSTEIN, Fred I.; POLSBY, Nelson
W. (Orgs.). Handbook of Political Science: Micropolitical Theory. Reading: Addison-Wesley,
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DAHL, Robert. Democracy and its Critics. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1989.
DALTON, Russel J., WATTENBERG, Martin P. (Orgs.). Parties Without Partisans. Oxford:
Oxford University Press, 2002.
DIENEL, Peter. Techniken bürgerschaftlicher Beteiligung an Planungsprozessen. Offene Welt –
Wirtschafts-und Gesellschaftspolitisches Bildungswerk, n. 101 (Partizipation-Aspekte politischer
Kultur), p. 144-156, 1970.
FEENSTRA, Ramón. Democracia y elección por sorteo en las nuevas formaciones políticas: teorías
políticas clásicas y contemporáneas. Daimon - Revista Internacional de Filosofía, n. 72, p. 205-
2019, 2017.
FINLEY, Moses I. Politics in the Ancient World. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1983.
FISHER, Robert. Grass-roots organizing worldwide; common ground, historical roots, and tension
between democracy and the State. Urban Affairs Annual Review, n. 41, p. 3-27, 1993.
FISHKIN, James. Democracy and Deliberation. New Directions for Democratic Reform. New
Haven: Yale University Press, 1991.
FISHKIN, James et al. Deliberative Participatory Consultation: The First Deliberative Poll in
Porto Alegre. In: Proceedings of 106th Annual Meeting of the American Political Science
Association, 2010. Disponível em: https://cdd.stanford.edu/mm/2010/fishkin-porto-alegre.pdf.
Acesso em: 29 maio 2021.
FISHKIN, James et al. Returning Deliberative Democracy to Athens: Deliberative Polling for
Candidate Selection. In: Proceedings of 104th Annual Meeting of the American Political Science
Association, 2008. Disponível em: https://cdd.stanford.edu/mm/2008/candidate-selection.pdf.
Acesso em: 29 maio 2021.
FOUCAULT, Michel. Nietzsche, a genealogia e a história. In: FOUCAULT, Michel. Microfísica
do poder. Rio de Janeiro: Edições Graal, 1979.
FROMENTIN, Thomas; WOLCIK, Stéphanie (Orgs.). Le profane en politique: compétences et
engagement du citoyen. Paris: L’Harmattan, 2008.
FUNG, Archon. Survey Article: Recipes for Public Choices Spheres: Eight Institutional Design
Choices and Their Consequences. The Journal of Political Philosophy, v. 11, n. 3, p. 338-367,
2003.
GOODIN, Robert E.; DRYZEK, John S. Deliberative impacts: the macro-political uptake of minipublics. Politics & Society, v. 34, n. 2, p. 219-244, 2006.
GUICCIARDINI, Francesco. Dialogue on the government of Florence. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994.
HABERMAS, Jürgen. Direito e democracia: entre facticidade e validade. Rio de Janeiro: Tempo
Brasileiro, 2003.
HABERMAS, Jürgen. Théorie de l’agir communicationnel. Paris: Fayard, 1987.
JACQUET, Vincent; REUCHAMPS, Min. Les “méthodologues” de la démocratie délibérative.
Entre activisme citoyen et recherche scientifique au sein du G1000 et du G100. Participations, v.
16, n. 3, p. 45-65, 2016.
LANDEMORE, Hélène. Inclusive Constitution-Making: The Icelandic Experiment. The Journal of
Political Philosophy, v. 23, n. 2, p. 166-191, 2015.
LLOYD, John. Le primarie modello Pericle. La Repubblica, 10 jun. 2006a.
LLOYD, John. Out of the ruins. Financial Times, 07 jul. 2006b.
LÓPEZ-GUERRA, Claudio. AMLO y Chigurh. Nexos, 1 abr. 2015. Disponível em:
https://www.nexos.com.mx/?p=24563. Acesso em: 30 maio 2021.
MANIN, Bernard. Principes du gouvernement représentatif. Paris: Flammarion, 1996.
MANSBRIDGE, Jane. Deliberative Polling as the Gold Standard. The Good Society, v. 19, n. 1, p.
55-62, 2010.
MANSBRIDGE, Jane. On the idea that participation makes better citizens. In: ELKIN, Stephen;
SOLTAN, Karol. (eds.). Citizen competence and democratic institutions. Philadelphia: The
Pennsylvania University Press, 1999.
MANSBRIDGE, Jane et al. A systemic approach to deliberative democracy. In: MANSBRIDGE,
Jane; Parkinson, John (Orgs.). Deliberative systems. Deliberative democracy at the large scale.
Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2012.
MAQUIAVEL. História de Florença. São Paulo: Musa Editora, 1994.
MAY, Tim. Pesquisa social: questões, métodos e processos. Porto Alegre: Artmed, 2004.
MICHELS, Robert. Les partis politiques. Essai sur les tendances oligarchiques des démocraties.
Paris: Flammarion, 1971.
MORENA. Estatuto de Morena. 2014. Disponível em: https://morena.si/wpcontent/uploads/2014/12/Estatuto-de-MORENA-Publicado-DOF-5-nov-2014.pdf. Acesso em: 29
maio 2021.
NETTO, José Veríssimo Romão; CERVELLIN, Silvia Cervellin. Minipúblicos e Inovação
Democrática: Os Casos de Ilhéus e do Jardim Lapenna. In: Anais do IV Encontro Participação,
Democracia e Políticas Públicas, 2019. Disponível em: https://www.researchgate.net/profile/JoseRomaoNetto/publication/336216863_Minipublicos_e_Inovacao_Democratica_Os_Casos_de_Ilheus_e_do
_Jardim_Lapenna/links/5d94abf5299bf10cff226933/Minipublicos-e-Inovacao-Democratica-OsCasos-de-Ilheus-e-do-Jardim-Lapenn. Acesso em: 29 maio 2021.
NORRIS, Pippa. Recrutamento político. Revista de Sociologia e Política, v. 21, n. 46, p. 11-32,
2013.
OBRADOR, Andrés Manuel López. Discurso de inauguração do processo de sorteio de candidatos
do MORENA. México, Distrito Federal, 23feb. 2015. Disponível em:
https://lopezobrador.org.mx/temas/batres-guadarrama/. Acesso em: 26 maio 2020.
PAPANDREOU, Giorgos A. Procedures for Selecting Mayoral and Prefectorial Candidates. Press
Conference, Atenas, 4 maio 2006a. Disponível em:
https://cdd.stanford.edu/mm/2006/papandreou.pdf. Acesso em: 11 jun. 2020.
PAPANDREOU, Giorgos A. Picking candidates by the numbers. International Herald Tribune, 7
Jun. 2006b. Disponível em: https://www.nytimes.com/2006/06/07/opinion/07ihtedpapa.1911947.html. Acesso em: 26 maio 2020.
PATEMAN, Carole. Participatory democracy revisited. Perspectives on Politics, v. 10, n. 1, p. 7-
19, 2012.
PATEMAN, Carole. Participation and democratic theory. London: Cambridge University Press,
1970.
RIVERA, José Antonio Aguilar. Las razones de la tombola. Nexos, 1 abr. 2015. Disponível em:
https://www.nexos.com.mx/?p=24566. Acesso em: 30 maio 2021.
ROSAGEL, Shaila. La suerte, con tamales y atole, elige a dos terceras partes de los pluris de
Morena. Sinembargo, 24 feb. 2015. Disponível em: https://www.sinembargo.mx/24-02-
2015/1260775. Acesso em: 15 jun. 2020.
RUBIÃO, André. O sorteio na política: como os minipúblicos vêm transformando a democracia.
Revista Opinião Pública, v. 24, n. 3, p. 699-723, 2018.
SANTOS, Boaventura de Sousa; AVRITZER, Leonardo. Para ampliar o cânone democrático. In:
SANTOS, Boaventura de Sousa (Org.). Democratizar a democracia: os caminhos da democracia
participativa. Rio de Janeiro: Civilização Brasileira, 2002.
SCHUMPETER, Joseph. A. Capitalismo, socialismo e democracia. Rio de Janeiro: Fundo de
Cultura, 1961.
SCLOVE, Richard. Democracy and Technology. New York: The Guilford Press, 1995.
SINTOMER, Yves. Petite histoire de l’expérimentation démocratique: tirage au sort et politique
d’Athènes à nos jours. Paris: La Découverte, 2011.
SINTOMER, Yves. O poder ao povo: júris de cidadãos, sorteio e democracia participativa. Belo
Horizonte: Editora UFMG, 2010.
SPOURDALAKIS, Michalis; TASSIS, Chrisanthos. Party Change in Greece and the Vanguard
Role of PASOK. South European Society and Politics, v. 11, n. 3-4, p. 497-512, 2006.
SUITER, Jane et al. The Irish Constitutional Convention. A Case of High Legitimacy. In:
REUCHAMPS, Min; SUITER, Jane (Orgs.). Constitutional Deliberative Democracy in Europe.
Colchester: ECPR Press, 2016.
TALPIN, Julien. Schools of Democracy. How Ordinary Citizens (Sometimes) Become More
Competent in Participatory Budgeting Institutions. Colchester: ECPR Press, 2011.
TOCQUEVILLE, Alexis. A democracia na América. Belo Horizonte: Itatiaia, 1997.
TORMEY, Simon. The end of representative politics. Cambridge: Polity Press, 2015.
VAN REYBROUCK, David. Contra las elecciones: cómo salvar la democracia. Barcelona: Taurus,
2017.
WARREN, Mark; PEARSE, Hilary (Orgs.). Designing Deliberative Democracy. The Bristish
Columbia’s Citizen Assembly. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008.
indifference-based voter abstention: Applications to Presidential Elections. Political Behavior, v.
28, n. 1, p. 65-86, 2006.
ALONSO, Angela. Métodos qualitativos de pesquisa: uma introdução. In: ABDAL, Alexandre et
al. (Orgs). Métodos Qualitativos em Ciências Sociais: Bloco Qualitativo. São Paulo:
SESC/SEBRAP, 2016.
ANDUIZA PEREA, Eva. ¿Individuos o sistemas? Las razones de la abstención en Europa
Occidental. Madrid: Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas/Siglo Veintiuno de España Editores,
1999.
ARISTÓTELES. Política. Brasília: Editora da Universidade de Brasília, 1997.
AVRITZER, Leonardo. Participatory institutions in democratic Brazil. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins
University Press, 2009.
BARNETT, Anthony; CARTY, Peter. The Athenian option: radical reform for the House of Lords
(luck of the draw: sortition and public policy). Charlottesville: Imprint Academic, 1998.
BERGER Peter L.; NEUHAUS, Richard J. To Empower People. From State to Civil Society.
Washington: American Enterprise Institute, 1977.
BOLIVAR MEZA, Rosendo. Morena: el partido del lopezobradorismo. Polis, v. 10, n. 2, s.p., 2014.
Disponível em: http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?pid=S1870-
23332014000200004&script=sci_arttext. Acesso em: 29 maio 2021.
BOUGNOUX, Daniel. La crise de la représentation. Paris: La Découverte, 2006.
BOURICIUS, Terril. Democracy through multi-body sortition. Athenian lessons for the modern
day. Journal of Public Deliberation, v. 9, n. 1, p. 1-19, 2013.
BRAGA, Maria do Socorro Souza; AMARAL, Oswaldo E. Implicações do processo de seleção de
candidatos na competição partidária: o caso brasileiro. Revista de Sociologia e Política, v. 21, n. 46,
p. 33-43, 2013.
BUCHSTEIN, Hubertus. Randomizing Europe: the lottery as a decision-making procedure for
policy creation in the EU. Critical Policy Studies, v. 3, n. 1, p. 29-57, 2009.
CALLENBACH, Ernest; PHILLIPS, Michael. A Citizen Legislature. Berkeley: BanyanTree/Clear
Glass, 1985.
CALLON, Michel et al. Agir dans un monde incertain: essai sur la démocratie technique. Paris:
Editions du Seuil, 2001.
CASTRO, Alexei Daniel Serafín. Uso del sorteo, participación política y democracia. Una lección
para México. In: Anais do VI Congreso Nacional de Ciencias Sociales, 2018. Disponível em:
https://scholar.google.com.br/scholar?hl=ptPT&as_sdt=0%2C5&q=CASTRO%2C+Alexei+Daniel+Seraf%C3%ADn.+Uso+del+sorteo%2C+p
articipaci%C3%B3n+pol%C3%ADtica+y+democracia.+&btnG=. Acesso em: 29 maio 2021.
COHEN, Joshua. Deliberation and democratic legitimacy. In: BOHMAN, James; REGH, William
(Eds.). Deliberative democracy. Essays on reason and politics. Massachusetts: Massachusetts
Institute of Tecnology, 1999.
COOK, Kimberly J.; POWELL, Chris. Unfinished Business: Aboriginal Reconciliation and
Restorative Justice in Australia. Contemporary Justice Review, v. 6, n. 3, p. 279-291, 2003.
CROSBY, Ned. In search of the competent citizen. Working Paper. Plymouth: Center for New
Democratic Processes, 1975.
CZUDNOWSKI, Moshe M. Political Recruitment. In: GREENSTEIN, Fred I.; POLSBY, Nelson
W. (Orgs.). Handbook of Political Science: Micropolitical Theory. Reading: Addison-Wesley,
1975. v. 2.
DAHL, Robert. Democracy and its Critics. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1989.
DALTON, Russel J., WATTENBERG, Martin P. (Orgs.). Parties Without Partisans. Oxford:
Oxford University Press, 2002.
DIENEL, Peter. Techniken bürgerschaftlicher Beteiligung an Planungsprozessen. Offene Welt –
Wirtschafts-und Gesellschaftspolitisches Bildungswerk, n. 101 (Partizipation-Aspekte politischer
Kultur), p. 144-156, 1970.
FEENSTRA, Ramón. Democracia y elección por sorteo en las nuevas formaciones políticas: teorías
políticas clásicas y contemporáneas. Daimon - Revista Internacional de Filosofía, n. 72, p. 205-
2019, 2017.
FINLEY, Moses I. Politics in the Ancient World. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1983.
FISHER, Robert. Grass-roots organizing worldwide; common ground, historical roots, and tension
between democracy and the State. Urban Affairs Annual Review, n. 41, p. 3-27, 1993.
FISHKIN, James. Democracy and Deliberation. New Directions for Democratic Reform. New
Haven: Yale University Press, 1991.
FISHKIN, James et al. Deliberative Participatory Consultation: The First Deliberative Poll in
Porto Alegre. In: Proceedings of 106th Annual Meeting of the American Political Science
Association, 2010. Disponível em: https://cdd.stanford.edu/mm/2010/fishkin-porto-alegre.pdf.
Acesso em: 29 maio 2021.
FISHKIN, James et al. Returning Deliberative Democracy to Athens: Deliberative Polling for
Candidate Selection. In: Proceedings of 104th Annual Meeting of the American Political Science
Association, 2008. Disponível em: https://cdd.stanford.edu/mm/2008/candidate-selection.pdf.
Acesso em: 29 maio 2021.
FOUCAULT, Michel. Nietzsche, a genealogia e a história. In: FOUCAULT, Michel. Microfísica
do poder. Rio de Janeiro: Edições Graal, 1979.
FROMENTIN, Thomas; WOLCIK, Stéphanie (Orgs.). Le profane en politique: compétences et
engagement du citoyen. Paris: L’Harmattan, 2008.
FUNG, Archon. Survey Article: Recipes for Public Choices Spheres: Eight Institutional Design
Choices and Their Consequences. The Journal of Political Philosophy, v. 11, n. 3, p. 338-367,
2003.
GOODIN, Robert E.; DRYZEK, John S. Deliberative impacts: the macro-political uptake of minipublics. Politics & Society, v. 34, n. 2, p. 219-244, 2006.
GUICCIARDINI, Francesco. Dialogue on the government of Florence. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994.
HABERMAS, Jürgen. Direito e democracia: entre facticidade e validade. Rio de Janeiro: Tempo
Brasileiro, 2003.
HABERMAS, Jürgen. Théorie de l’agir communicationnel. Paris: Fayard, 1987.
JACQUET, Vincent; REUCHAMPS, Min. Les “méthodologues” de la démocratie délibérative.
Entre activisme citoyen et recherche scientifique au sein du G1000 et du G100. Participations, v.
16, n. 3, p. 45-65, 2016.
LANDEMORE, Hélène. Inclusive Constitution-Making: The Icelandic Experiment. The Journal of
Political Philosophy, v. 23, n. 2, p. 166-191, 2015.
LLOYD, John. Le primarie modello Pericle. La Repubblica, 10 jun. 2006a.
LLOYD, John. Out of the ruins. Financial Times, 07 jul. 2006b.
LÓPEZ-GUERRA, Claudio. AMLO y Chigurh. Nexos, 1 abr. 2015. Disponível em:
https://www.nexos.com.mx/?p=24563. Acesso em: 30 maio 2021.
MANIN, Bernard. Principes du gouvernement représentatif. Paris: Flammarion, 1996.
MANSBRIDGE, Jane. Deliberative Polling as the Gold Standard. The Good Society, v. 19, n. 1, p.
55-62, 2010.
MANSBRIDGE, Jane. On the idea that participation makes better citizens. In: ELKIN, Stephen;
SOLTAN, Karol. (eds.). Citizen competence and democratic institutions. Philadelphia: The
Pennsylvania University Press, 1999.
MANSBRIDGE, Jane et al. A systemic approach to deliberative democracy. In: MANSBRIDGE,
Jane; Parkinson, John (Orgs.). Deliberative systems. Deliberative democracy at the large scale.
Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2012.
MAQUIAVEL. História de Florença. São Paulo: Musa Editora, 1994.
MAY, Tim. Pesquisa social: questões, métodos e processos. Porto Alegre: Artmed, 2004.
MICHELS, Robert. Les partis politiques. Essai sur les tendances oligarchiques des démocraties.
Paris: Flammarion, 1971.
MORENA. Estatuto de Morena. 2014. Disponível em: https://morena.si/wpcontent/uploads/2014/12/Estatuto-de-MORENA-Publicado-DOF-5-nov-2014.pdf. Acesso em: 29
maio 2021.
NETTO, José Veríssimo Romão; CERVELLIN, Silvia Cervellin. Minipúblicos e Inovação
Democrática: Os Casos de Ilhéus e do Jardim Lapenna. In: Anais do IV Encontro Participação,
Democracia e Políticas Públicas, 2019. Disponível em: https://www.researchgate.net/profile/JoseRomaoNetto/publication/336216863_Minipublicos_e_Inovacao_Democratica_Os_Casos_de_Ilheus_e_do
_Jardim_Lapenna/links/5d94abf5299bf10cff226933/Minipublicos-e-Inovacao-Democratica-OsCasos-de-Ilheus-e-do-Jardim-Lapenn. Acesso em: 29 maio 2021.
NORRIS, Pippa. Recrutamento político. Revista de Sociologia e Política, v. 21, n. 46, p. 11-32,
2013.
OBRADOR, Andrés Manuel López. Discurso de inauguração do processo de sorteio de candidatos
do MORENA. México, Distrito Federal, 23feb. 2015. Disponível em:
https://lopezobrador.org.mx/temas/batres-guadarrama/. Acesso em: 26 maio 2020.
PAPANDREOU, Giorgos A. Procedures for Selecting Mayoral and Prefectorial Candidates. Press
Conference, Atenas, 4 maio 2006a. Disponível em:
https://cdd.stanford.edu/mm/2006/papandreou.pdf. Acesso em: 11 jun. 2020.
PAPANDREOU, Giorgos A. Picking candidates by the numbers. International Herald Tribune, 7
Jun. 2006b. Disponível em: https://www.nytimes.com/2006/06/07/opinion/07ihtedpapa.1911947.html. Acesso em: 26 maio 2020.
PATEMAN, Carole. Participatory democracy revisited. Perspectives on Politics, v. 10, n. 1, p. 7-
19, 2012.
PATEMAN, Carole. Participation and democratic theory. London: Cambridge University Press,
1970.
RIVERA, José Antonio Aguilar. Las razones de la tombola. Nexos, 1 abr. 2015. Disponível em:
https://www.nexos.com.mx/?p=24566. Acesso em: 30 maio 2021.
ROSAGEL, Shaila. La suerte, con tamales y atole, elige a dos terceras partes de los pluris de
Morena. Sinembargo, 24 feb. 2015. Disponível em: https://www.sinembargo.mx/24-02-
2015/1260775. Acesso em: 15 jun. 2020.
RUBIÃO, André. O sorteio na política: como os minipúblicos vêm transformando a democracia.
Revista Opinião Pública, v. 24, n. 3, p. 699-723, 2018.
SANTOS, Boaventura de Sousa; AVRITZER, Leonardo. Para ampliar o cânone democrático. In:
SANTOS, Boaventura de Sousa (Org.). Democratizar a democracia: os caminhos da democracia
participativa. Rio de Janeiro: Civilização Brasileira, 2002.
SCHUMPETER, Joseph. A. Capitalismo, socialismo e democracia. Rio de Janeiro: Fundo de
Cultura, 1961.
SCLOVE, Richard. Democracy and Technology. New York: The Guilford Press, 1995.
SINTOMER, Yves. Petite histoire de l’expérimentation démocratique: tirage au sort et politique
d’Athènes à nos jours. Paris: La Découverte, 2011.
SINTOMER, Yves. O poder ao povo: júris de cidadãos, sorteio e democracia participativa. Belo
Horizonte: Editora UFMG, 2010.
SPOURDALAKIS, Michalis; TASSIS, Chrisanthos. Party Change in Greece and the Vanguard
Role of PASOK. South European Society and Politics, v. 11, n. 3-4, p. 497-512, 2006.
SUITER, Jane et al. The Irish Constitutional Convention. A Case of High Legitimacy. In:
REUCHAMPS, Min; SUITER, Jane (Orgs.). Constitutional Deliberative Democracy in Europe.
Colchester: ECPR Press, 2016.
TALPIN, Julien. Schools of Democracy. How Ordinary Citizens (Sometimes) Become More
Competent in Participatory Budgeting Institutions. Colchester: ECPR Press, 2011.
TOCQUEVILLE, Alexis. A democracia na América. Belo Horizonte: Itatiaia, 1997.
TORMEY, Simon. The end of representative politics. Cambridge: Polity Press, 2015.
VAN REYBROUCK, David. Contra las elecciones: cómo salvar la democracia. Barcelona: Taurus,
2017.
WARREN, Mark; PEARSE, Hilary (Orgs.). Designing Deliberative Democracy. The Bristish
Columbia’s Citizen Assembly. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008.