The Role of Egyptian Workers in the 2011 Uprising A View from Below
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Abstract
An oft-used representation of the Egyptian mass uprising in Western journalistic and academic debates is: through the use of social networks, young people have been able to quickly mobilize millions of protesters. Egyptian uprising is often interpreted as social and political phenomena, mostly instigated by middle-classes, highly educated and unemployed young people. In this perspective, workers’ movement and its decadal struggles receive less attention and is considered a priori irrelevant. This paper aims to contribute some essential steps in considering the recent Egyptian uprising as a complex historical process, in which labour movement’s role was pivotal. At methodological level, the paper seeks to combine literature, quantitative and qualitative research methods.
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Gjergji, I. (2021). The Role of Egyptian Workers in the 2011 Uprising: A View from Below. Revista Sul-Americana De Ciência Política, 1(2), 19-37. Retrieved from https://revistas.ufpel.edu.br/index.php/Sul/article/view/184
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References
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EL-MAHDI, Rabab; MARFLEET, Philip. Egypt: moment of change. Cairo: The American University
of Cairo Press, 2009.
EL SHAFEI, Omar. Workers, trade unions, and the state in Egypt: 1984-1989. Cairo Papers in Social
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FRIEDMAN, Gerald. Is labor dead? International Labor and Working Class History, n. 75, 2009, p.
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HANAFI, Sari. The Arab revolutions: the emergence of a new political subjectivity. Contemporary
Arab Affairs, v. 5, n. 2, 2012, p. 198-213.
HASHIM, Ahmed. The Egyptian military, part two: from Mubarak Onward. Middle East Policy, v.
XVIII, n. 4, 2011, p. 106-128.
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25/02/2011.
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political islam. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011.
ISHANI, Maryam. Mahalla strike gains strength. The Daily News Egypt [Online], 18/07/2012.
Available at: http://thedailynewsegypt.com/2012/07/18/mahalla-strike-gains-strength-2. Accessed on:
18/07/2012.
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2011, p. 675-679.
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Science Monitor, 2005. Available at: http://www.csmonitor.com/2005/0824/p07s01-wome.html.
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TOENSING, Chris. The journey to tahrir: revolution, protest, and social change in Egypt.
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McADAM, Doug. Recruitment to high-risk activism: the case of freedom summer. American Journal
of Sociology, n. 94, 1986, pp. 64-90.
______. Political process and the development of black insurgency 1930-1970. Chicago/London:
University of Chicago Press, 1982.
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Arab spring and European mobilization. Interface [Online], v. 4, n. 1, May, 2012. Available at:
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historiographies. Albany: State University of New York Press, 1993.
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1945 to the 1960s. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1987.
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Socialist Theory, v. 39, n. 3, 2011, p. 421-432.
SCHEMM, Paul. Activist dissent and anti-war protest in Egypt. In: SOWERS, Jeannie; TOENSING,
Chris. The journey to Tahrir: revolution, protest, and social change in Egypt. London/New York:
Verso, 2012.
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Daily News Egypt [Online], 05/08/2012. Available at:
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democratic opposition. Interface [Online], v. 4, n. 1, May, 2012. Available at:
http://www.interfacejournal.net/wordpress/wpcontent/uploads/2012/05/Issue-4-1-Full-PDF.pdf.
Accessed on: 15/09/2012.
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[Online], n. 41, 2011. Available at: http://rd.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11125-011-9194-
6/fulltext.html. Accessed on: 05/01/2012.
AHRAM ONLINE (a). Thousands of Mahalla textile workers strike to remove CEO. Ahram Online,
15/07/2012. Available at:
http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/3/12/47761/Business/Economy/Thous ands-of-Mahallatextile-workers-strike-to-rem.aspx. Accessed on: 15/07/2012.
______ (b). Egyptian labour movement accuses Morsi of betrayal. Ahram Online, 08/10/2012.
Available at: http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/1/140/55075/Egypt/Firstdays/Egyptian -
labour-movement-accuses-Morsi-of-betrayal.aspx. Accessed on: 08/10/2012.
______ (c). Egypt has quarter of Arab world's Facebook users: Report. Ahram Online, 18/07/2012.
Available at: http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/3/12/48064/Business/Economy/Egypt- hasquarter-of-Arab-worlds-Facebook-users-Re.aspx. Accessed on: 18/07/2012.
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http://dailynewsegypt.com/2012/09/01/the-social-media-illusion. Accessed on: 01/09/2012.
AL-DIN ARAFAT, Alaa. The Mubarak leadership and future of democracy in Egypt. New York:
Palgrave Macmillan, 2009.
ALEXANDER, Anne (a). Egypt’s strikers defy crackdown and win concessions from regime.
Socialist Worker [Online], 24/07/2012. Available at:
http://www.socialistworker.co.uk/art.php?id=29194. Accessed on: 24/07/2012.
______ (b). The Egyptian workers’ movement and the 25 january revolution, Intercol.net [Online]
Available at: http://www.intercoll.net/bdf/en/corpus_document/fiche-document-61.html. Accessed on:
09/01/2012.
AL-SAYYID, Mustapha Kamel. Kefaya at a turning poin. In: HOPKINS, Niholas (Org.). Political and
social protest in Egypt. Cairo Papers in Social Science, Cairo: American University in Cairo Press,
2009.
AMIN, Samir. An Arab springtime? Monthly Review, v. 63, n. 5, 2011, p. 8-28.
ATEF, Mohamed. The Egyptian revolution: Mahalla is leading again. Counterfire [Online],
15/07/2012. Available at: http://www.counterfire.org/index.php/articles/international/15901-theegyptian-revolution-mahalla-is-leading-again. Accessed on: 16/07/2012.
BEININ, Joel. All Unionized and nowhere to go. The Carnegie Papers [Online], 2013. Available at:
http://carnegieendowment.org/2013/01/08/all-unionized-and-nowhere-to-go/f04j. Accessed on:
04/02/2013.
______. The rise of Egypt’s workers. The Carnegie Papers [Online], 2012. Available at:
http://carnegieendowment.org/2012/06/28/rise-of-egypt-s-workers/coh8. Accessed on: 10/09/2012.
______. A workers’ social movement on the margin of the global neoliberal order, Egypt 2004-2009.
In: BEININ, Joel; VAIREL, Frédéric. Social movements, mobilization, and contestation in the Middle
East and North Africa. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2011.
______. Workers’ struggles under “socialism” and neoliberalism. In: EL-MAHDI, Rabab;
MARFLEET, Philip (Orgs). Egypt. Moment of change. Cairo: The American University of Cairo Press,
2009.
______. Will the real Egyptian working class please stand up? In: LOCKMAN, Zachary (Org.).
Workers and working class in the Middle East: struggles, histories, historiographies. Albany NY: State
University of New York, 1993.
BEININ, Joel; VAIREL, Frédéric. The Middle East and North Africa: beyond classical social movement theory. In: ______. Social movements, mobilization, and contestation in the Middle East
and North Africa. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2011.
______. Afterword: popular uprisings in Tunisia and Egypt. In: ______. Social movements,
mobilization, and contestation in the Middle East and North Africa. Stanford: Stanford University
Press, 2011.
BOURDIEU, Pierre. Acts of resistance: against the tyranny of the market. New York, NY: New Press,
1999.
BOTTAZZI, Laura; HAMAUI, Rony. I veri perché della rivoluzione egiziana, Lavoce.info [Online],
2011. Available at: www.lavoce.info. Accessed: on 08/02/2011.
CAPMAS. The statistical year book. Cairo: Central Agency for Public Mobilisation and Statistics
(CAPMAS), 2011.
CASTELLS, Manuel. Interview. Available at: http://globalsociology.com/2011/02/07/the-sociologyelders-on-the-social-movements-in-tunisia-and-egypt. Accessed on: 28/06/2012.
______. Communication power. New York: Oxford University Press, 2009.
______. The rise of the network society. Cambridge, MA: Blackwell, 1996.
DABASHI, Hamid. The Arab spring: the end of postcolonialism. London-New York: Zed Books,
2012.
DEMOCRACY NOW!. Egyptian uprising fueled by striking workers across nation, Interview with
Khaled Ali, 18/02/2011. Available at:
http://www.democracynow.org/2011/2/18/egyptian_uprising_fueled_by_striking_workers. Accessed
on: 29/10/2012.
EGYPTIAN SOLIDARITY CENTRE. The struggle for worker rights in Egypt: a report by the
solidarity centre, 2010. Available at: http://www.solidaritycenter.org/files/pubs_egypt_wr.pdf.
Accessed on: 04/04/2012;
EL-MAHDI, Rabab. Orientalising the Egyptian uprising. Jadaliyya, 11/04/2011. Available at:
http://www.jadaliyya.com/pages/index/1214/orientalising-the-egyptian-uprising. Accessed on: 11/04/
2011.
EL-MAHDI, Rabab; MARFLEET, Philip. Conclusion: What’s next? In: EL-MAHDI, Rabab;
MARFLEET, Philip. Egypt: moment of change. Cairo: The American University of Cairo Press, 2009.
EL-HAMALAWY, Hossam. Egypt’s revolution has been 10 years in the making. The Guardian,
02/02/2011. Available at: http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2011/mar/02/egypt-revolutionmubarak-wall-of-fear. Accessed on: 02/02/2011
EL-SAYED EL-NAGGAR, Ahmad. economic policy: from state control to decay and corruption. In:
EL-MAHDI, Rabab; MARFLEET, Philip. Egypt: moment of change. Cairo: The American University
of Cairo Press, 2009.
EL SHAFEI, Omar. Workers, trade unions, and the state in Egypt: 1984-1989. Cairo Papers in Social
Science , n. 18, n. 2, 1995, p. 1-43.
FRIEDMAN, Gerald. Is labor dead? International Labor and Working Class History, n. 75, 2009, p.
126-144.
FRIEDMAN, Thomas. I am a man. The New York Times, 14/05/2011. Available at:
http://www.nytimes.com/2011/05/15/opinion/15friedman.html. Accessed on: 14/05/2011;
HAASS, Richard. Reflection on the revolution in Egypt. In: Council on Foreign Relations (Org.). The
new Arab revolt. New York: Council on Foreign Relations, 2011. p. 115-119.
HANAFI, Sari. The Arab revolutions: the emergence of a new political subjectivity. Contemporary
Arab Affairs, v. 5, n. 2, 2012, p. 198-213.
HASHIM, Ahmed. The Egyptian military, part two: from Mubarak Onward. Middle East Policy, v.
XVIII, n. 4, 2011, p. 106-128.
HINNEBUSCH, Raymond. Egyptian politics under Sadat. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,
1985.
HOROVITZ, David. A mass expression of outrage against injustice. The Jerusalem Post, 25/02/2011.
Available at:http://www.jpost.com/Opinion/Columnists/Article.aspx?id=209770. Accessed on:
25/02/2011.
HOWARD, Philip. The digital origins of dictatorship and democracy: information technology and
political islam. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011.
ISHANI, Maryam. Mahalla strike gains strength. The Daily News Egypt [Online], 18/07/2012.
Available at: http://thedailynewsegypt.com/2012/07/18/mahalla-strike-gains-strength-2. Accessed on:
18/07/2012.
KHONDKER, Habibul Haque. Role of the new media in the Arab spring. Globalizations, v. 8, n. 5,
2011, p. 675-679.
LEVINSON, Charles. Egypt’s growing blogger community pushes limit of dissent. The Christian
Science Monitor, 2005. Available at: http://www.csmonitor.com/2005/0824/p07s01-wome.html.
Accessed on: 24/09/2012;
LINDSEY, Ursula. Revolution and counterrevolution in the Egyptian media. In: SOWERS, Jeannie;
TOENSING, Chris. The journey to tahrir: revolution, protest, and social change in Egypt.
London/New York: Verso, 2012.
LUXEMBURG, Rosa. The mass strike. London: Bookmarks, 1986.
MAHER, Stephen. The political economy of the Egyptian uprising. Monthly Review, v. 63, n. 6, 2011,
p. 32-45.
McADAM, Doug. Recruitment to high-risk activism: the case of freedom summer. American Journal
of Sociology, n. 94, 1986, pp. 64-90.
______. Political process and the development of black insurgency 1930-1970. Chicago/London:
University of Chicago Press, 1982.
MUNIF, Yasser. The Arab revolts: the old is dying and the new cannot be born. Rethinking Marxism:
A Journal of Economics, Culture & Society, v. 25. n. 2, 2013, p. 202-217.
NASR, Sahar. Egyptian women workers and entrepreneurs: maximizing opportunities in the economic
sphere. Herndon, VA: World Bank Publications, 2010.
SHIHADE, Magide; FLESHER FOMINAYA, Cristina; COX, Laurence. The season of revolution: the
Arab spring and European mobilization. Interface [Online], v. 4, n. 1, May, 2012. Available at:
http://www.interfacejournal.net/wordpress/wpcontent/uploads/2012/05/Issue-4-1-Full-PDF.pdf.
Accessed on: 15/09/2012.
POSTER, Mark. Cyberdemocracy: Internet and the Public Sphere, 1995. Available at:
http://www.humanities.uci.edu/mposter/writings/democ.html. Accessed on: 23/10/2011.
POSUSNEY, Marsha Pripstein. Collective action and workers’ consciousness in contemporary Egypt.
In: LOCKMAN, Zachary (Org.). Workers and working classes in the Middle East: struggles, histories,
historiographies. Albany: State University of New York Press, 1993.
RASHA, Abdulla. The revolution will be tweeted: the story of digital activism in Egypt. The Cairo
Review of Global Affairs, n. 3, 2011, p. 41-50.
RUPP, Leila; TAYLOR, Verta. Survivals in the doldrums: the American women’s right movement,
1945 to the 1960s. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1987.
SAVAS, Michael-Matsas. The Arab spring: the revolution at the doors of Europe. Critique: Journal of
Socialist Theory, v. 39, n. 3, 2011, p. 421-432.
SCHEMM, Paul. Activist dissent and anti-war protest in Egypt. In: SOWERS, Jeannie; TOENSING,
Chris. The journey to Tahrir: revolution, protest, and social change in Egypt. London/New York:
Verso, 2012.
TAHA, Mohammad Rana. Minister of manpower gives focus to Cleopatra ceramics controversy. The
Daily News Egypt [Online], 05/08/2012. Available at:
http://thedailynewsegypt.com/2012/08/05/minister-of-manpower- gives-focus-to-cleopatra-ceramicscontroversy. Accessed on: 05/08/2012.
TETI, Andrea; GERVASIO, Gennaro. After Mubarak, before transition: the challenges for Egypt’s
democratic opposition. Interface [Online], v. 4, n. 1, May, 2012. Available at:
http://www.interfacejournal.net/wordpress/wpcontent/uploads/2012/05/Issue-4-1-Full-PDF.pdf.
Accessed on: 15/09/2012.
TILLY, Charles. The contentious french: four centuries of popular struggle. Cambridge: Harvard
University Press, 1986.
TRUMKA, Richard. Foreword. In: Egyptian Solidarity Centre (Org.) Struggle for worker rights in
Egypt. Available at: http://www.solidaritycenter.org/files/pubs_egypt_wr.pdf. Accessed on:
06/06/2011.
WORLD BANK. Doing business in Egypt 2008. Washington DC: World Bank, 2007. Available at:
http://www.doingbusiness.org/documents/subnational/DB08_Subnational_Report_Egypt.pdf.
Accessed on: 20/12/2011.