The Role of Egyptian Workers in the 2011 Uprising A View from Below
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Resumo
Uma ideia muito comum sobre o levante em massa egípcio nos debates jornalísticos e acadêmicos ocidentais é a
seguite: através do uso das redes sociais, os jovens têm sido capazes de mobilizar rapidamente milhares de manifestantes. A
revolta egípcia é muitas vezes interpretada como um fenômeno social e político, principalmente instigada pela classe média,
formada por jovens altamente qualificados e desempregados. Nesta perspectiva, o movimento dos trabalhadores recebe
menos atenção e tem sido considerado irrelevante a priori. Este trabalho visa contribuir analisando alguns movimentos
essenciais da recente revolta egípcia como um processo histórico complexo, no qual o papel do movimento sindical foi
fundamental. Metodologicamente, o trabalho procura combinar a literatura com métodos de pesquisa quantitativos e
qualitativos.
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Gjergji, I. (2021). The Role of Egyptian Workers in the 2011 Uprising: A View from Below. Revista Sul-Americana De Ciência Política, 1(2), 19-37. Recuperado de https://revistas.ufpel.edu.br/index.php/Sul/article/view/184
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Referências
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AL-DIN ARAFAT, Alaa. The Mubarak leadership and future of democracy in Egypt. New York:
Palgrave Macmillan, 2009.
ALEXANDER, Anne (a). Egypt’s strikers defy crackdown and win concessions from regime.
Socialist Worker [Online], 24/07/2012. Available at:
http://www.socialistworker.co.uk/art.php?id=29194. Accessed on: 24/07/2012.
______ (b). The Egyptian workers’ movement and the 25 january revolution, Intercol.net [Online]
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09/01/2012.
AL-SAYYID, Mustapha Kamel. Kefaya at a turning poin. In: HOPKINS, Niholas (Org.). Political and
social protest in Egypt. Cairo Papers in Social Science, Cairo: American University in Cairo Press,
2009.
AMIN, Samir. An Arab springtime? Monthly Review, v. 63, n. 5, 2011, p. 8-28.
ATEF, Mohamed. The Egyptian revolution: Mahalla is leading again. Counterfire [Online],
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04/02/2013.
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East and North Africa. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2011.
______. Workers’ struggles under “socialism” and neoliberalism. In: EL-MAHDI, Rabab;
MARFLEET, Philip (Orgs). Egypt. Moment of change. Cairo: The American University of Cairo Press,
2009.
______. Will the real Egyptian working class please stand up? In: LOCKMAN, Zachary (Org.).
Workers and working class in the Middle East: struggles, histories, historiographies. Albany NY: State
University of New York, 1993.
BEININ, Joel; VAIREL, Frédéric. The Middle East and North Africa: beyond classical social movement theory. In: ______. Social movements, mobilization, and contestation in the Middle East
and North Africa. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2011.
______. Afterword: popular uprisings in Tunisia and Egypt. In: ______. Social movements,
mobilization, and contestation in the Middle East and North Africa. Stanford: Stanford University
Press, 2011.
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CAPMAS. The statistical year book. Cairo: Central Agency for Public Mobilisation and Statistics
(CAPMAS), 2011.
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______. Communication power. New York: Oxford University Press, 2009.
______. The rise of the network society. Cambridge, MA: Blackwell, 1996.
DABASHI, Hamid. The Arab spring: the end of postcolonialism. London-New York: Zed Books,
2012.
DEMOCRACY NOW!. Egyptian uprising fueled by striking workers across nation, Interview with
Khaled Ali, 18/02/2011. Available at:
http://www.democracynow.org/2011/2/18/egyptian_uprising_fueled_by_striking_workers. Accessed
on: 29/10/2012.
EGYPTIAN SOLIDARITY CENTRE. The struggle for worker rights in Egypt: a report by the
solidarity centre, 2010. Available at: http://www.solidaritycenter.org/files/pubs_egypt_wr.pdf.
Accessed on: 04/04/2012;
EL-MAHDI, Rabab. Orientalising the Egyptian uprising. Jadaliyya, 11/04/2011. Available at:
http://www.jadaliyya.com/pages/index/1214/orientalising-the-egyptian-uprising. Accessed on: 11/04/
2011.
EL-MAHDI, Rabab; MARFLEET, Philip. Conclusion: What’s next? In: EL-MAHDI, Rabab;
MARFLEET, Philip. Egypt: moment of change. Cairo: The American University of Cairo Press, 2009.
EL-HAMALAWY, Hossam. Egypt’s revolution has been 10 years in the making. The Guardian,
02/02/2011. Available at: http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2011/mar/02/egypt-revolutionmubarak-wall-of-fear. Accessed on: 02/02/2011
EL-SAYED EL-NAGGAR, Ahmad. economic policy: from state control to decay and corruption. In:
EL-MAHDI, Rabab; MARFLEET, Philip. Egypt: moment of change. Cairo: The American University
of Cairo Press, 2009.
EL SHAFEI, Omar. Workers, trade unions, and the state in Egypt: 1984-1989. Cairo Papers in Social
Science , n. 18, n. 2, 1995, p. 1-43.
FRIEDMAN, Gerald. Is labor dead? International Labor and Working Class History, n. 75, 2009, p.
126-144.
FRIEDMAN, Thomas. I am a man. The New York Times, 14/05/2011. Available at:
http://www.nytimes.com/2011/05/15/opinion/15friedman.html. Accessed on: 14/05/2011;
HAASS, Richard. Reflection on the revolution in Egypt. In: Council on Foreign Relations (Org.). The
new Arab revolt. New York: Council on Foreign Relations, 2011. p. 115-119.
HANAFI, Sari. The Arab revolutions: the emergence of a new political subjectivity. Contemporary
Arab Affairs, v. 5, n. 2, 2012, p. 198-213.
HASHIM, Ahmed. The Egyptian military, part two: from Mubarak Onward. Middle East Policy, v.
XVIII, n. 4, 2011, p. 106-128.
HINNEBUSCH, Raymond. Egyptian politics under Sadat. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,
1985.
HOROVITZ, David. A mass expression of outrage against injustice. The Jerusalem Post, 25/02/2011.
Available at:http://www.jpost.com/Opinion/Columnists/Article.aspx?id=209770. Accessed on:
25/02/2011.
HOWARD, Philip. The digital origins of dictatorship and democracy: information technology and
political islam. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011.
ISHANI, Maryam. Mahalla strike gains strength. The Daily News Egypt [Online], 18/07/2012.
Available at: http://thedailynewsegypt.com/2012/07/18/mahalla-strike-gains-strength-2. Accessed on:
18/07/2012.
KHONDKER, Habibul Haque. Role of the new media in the Arab spring. Globalizations, v. 8, n. 5,
2011, p. 675-679.
LEVINSON, Charles. Egypt’s growing blogger community pushes limit of dissent. The Christian
Science Monitor, 2005. Available at: http://www.csmonitor.com/2005/0824/p07s01-wome.html.
Accessed on: 24/09/2012;
LINDSEY, Ursula. Revolution and counterrevolution in the Egyptian media. In: SOWERS, Jeannie;
TOENSING, Chris. The journey to tahrir: revolution, protest, and social change in Egypt.
London/New York: Verso, 2012.
LUXEMBURG, Rosa. The mass strike. London: Bookmarks, 1986.
MAHER, Stephen. The political economy of the Egyptian uprising. Monthly Review, v. 63, n. 6, 2011,
p. 32-45.
McADAM, Doug. Recruitment to high-risk activism: the case of freedom summer. American Journal
of Sociology, n. 94, 1986, pp. 64-90.
______. Political process and the development of black insurgency 1930-1970. Chicago/London:
University of Chicago Press, 1982.
MUNIF, Yasser. The Arab revolts: the old is dying and the new cannot be born. Rethinking Marxism:
A Journal of Economics, Culture & Society, v. 25. n. 2, 2013, p. 202-217.
NASR, Sahar. Egyptian women workers and entrepreneurs: maximizing opportunities in the economic
sphere. Herndon, VA: World Bank Publications, 2010.
SHIHADE, Magide; FLESHER FOMINAYA, Cristina; COX, Laurence. The season of revolution: the
Arab spring and European mobilization. Interface [Online], v. 4, n. 1, May, 2012. Available at:
http://www.interfacejournal.net/wordpress/wpcontent/uploads/2012/05/Issue-4-1-Full-PDF.pdf.
Accessed on: 15/09/2012.
POSTER, Mark. Cyberdemocracy: Internet and the Public Sphere, 1995. Available at:
http://www.humanities.uci.edu/mposter/writings/democ.html. Accessed on: 23/10/2011.
POSUSNEY, Marsha Pripstein. Collective action and workers’ consciousness in contemporary Egypt.
In: LOCKMAN, Zachary (Org.). Workers and working classes in the Middle East: struggles, histories,
historiographies. Albany: State University of New York Press, 1993.
RASHA, Abdulla. The revolution will be tweeted: the story of digital activism in Egypt. The Cairo
Review of Global Affairs, n. 3, 2011, p. 41-50.
RUPP, Leila; TAYLOR, Verta. Survivals in the doldrums: the American women’s right movement,
1945 to the 1960s. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1987.
SAVAS, Michael-Matsas. The Arab spring: the revolution at the doors of Europe. Critique: Journal of
Socialist Theory, v. 39, n. 3, 2011, p. 421-432.
SCHEMM, Paul. Activist dissent and anti-war protest in Egypt. In: SOWERS, Jeannie; TOENSING,
Chris. The journey to Tahrir: revolution, protest, and social change in Egypt. London/New York:
Verso, 2012.
TAHA, Mohammad Rana. Minister of manpower gives focus to Cleopatra ceramics controversy. The
Daily News Egypt [Online], 05/08/2012. Available at:
http://thedailynewsegypt.com/2012/08/05/minister-of-manpower- gives-focus-to-cleopatra-ceramicscontroversy. Accessed on: 05/08/2012.
TETI, Andrea; GERVASIO, Gennaro. After Mubarak, before transition: the challenges for Egypt’s
democratic opposition. Interface [Online], v. 4, n. 1, May, 2012. Available at:
http://www.interfacejournal.net/wordpress/wpcontent/uploads/2012/05/Issue-4-1-Full-PDF.pdf.
Accessed on: 15/09/2012.
TILLY, Charles. The contentious french: four centuries of popular struggle. Cambridge: Harvard
University Press, 1986.
TRUMKA, Richard. Foreword. In: Egyptian Solidarity Centre (Org.) Struggle for worker rights in
Egypt. Available at: http://www.solidaritycenter.org/files/pubs_egypt_wr.pdf. Accessed on:
06/06/2011.
WORLD BANK. Doing business in Egypt 2008. Washington DC: World Bank, 2007. Available at:
http://www.doingbusiness.org/documents/subnational/DB08_Subnational_Report_Egypt.pdf.
Accessed on: 20/12/2011.
[Online], n. 41, 2011. Available at: http://rd.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11125-011-9194-
6/fulltext.html. Accessed on: 05/01/2012.
AHRAM ONLINE (a). Thousands of Mahalla textile workers strike to remove CEO. Ahram Online,
15/07/2012. Available at:
http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/3/12/47761/Business/Economy/Thous ands-of-Mahallatextile-workers-strike-to-rem.aspx. Accessed on: 15/07/2012.
______ (b). Egyptian labour movement accuses Morsi of betrayal. Ahram Online, 08/10/2012.
Available at: http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/1/140/55075/Egypt/Firstdays/Egyptian -
labour-movement-accuses-Morsi-of-betrayal.aspx. Accessed on: 08/10/2012.
______ (c). Egypt has quarter of Arab world's Facebook users: Report. Ahram Online, 18/07/2012.
Available at: http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/3/12/48064/Business/Economy/Egypt- hasquarter-of-Arab-worlds-Facebook-users-Re.aspx. Accessed on: 18/07/2012.
AKL, Ziad. The social media illusion. Daily News Egypt [Online], 01/09/2012. Available at:
http://dailynewsegypt.com/2012/09/01/the-social-media-illusion. Accessed on: 01/09/2012.
AL-DIN ARAFAT, Alaa. The Mubarak leadership and future of democracy in Egypt. New York:
Palgrave Macmillan, 2009.
ALEXANDER, Anne (a). Egypt’s strikers defy crackdown and win concessions from regime.
Socialist Worker [Online], 24/07/2012. Available at:
http://www.socialistworker.co.uk/art.php?id=29194. Accessed on: 24/07/2012.
______ (b). The Egyptian workers’ movement and the 25 january revolution, Intercol.net [Online]
Available at: http://www.intercoll.net/bdf/en/corpus_document/fiche-document-61.html. Accessed on:
09/01/2012.
AL-SAYYID, Mustapha Kamel. Kefaya at a turning poin. In: HOPKINS, Niholas (Org.). Political and
social protest in Egypt. Cairo Papers in Social Science, Cairo: American University in Cairo Press,
2009.
AMIN, Samir. An Arab springtime? Monthly Review, v. 63, n. 5, 2011, p. 8-28.
ATEF, Mohamed. The Egyptian revolution: Mahalla is leading again. Counterfire [Online],
15/07/2012. Available at: http://www.counterfire.org/index.php/articles/international/15901-theegyptian-revolution-mahalla-is-leading-again. Accessed on: 16/07/2012.
BEININ, Joel. All Unionized and nowhere to go. The Carnegie Papers [Online], 2013. Available at:
http://carnegieendowment.org/2013/01/08/all-unionized-and-nowhere-to-go/f04j. Accessed on:
04/02/2013.
______. The rise of Egypt’s workers. The Carnegie Papers [Online], 2012. Available at:
http://carnegieendowment.org/2012/06/28/rise-of-egypt-s-workers/coh8. Accessed on: 10/09/2012.
______. A workers’ social movement on the margin of the global neoliberal order, Egypt 2004-2009.
In: BEININ, Joel; VAIREL, Frédéric. Social movements, mobilization, and contestation in the Middle
East and North Africa. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2011.
______. Workers’ struggles under “socialism” and neoliberalism. In: EL-MAHDI, Rabab;
MARFLEET, Philip (Orgs). Egypt. Moment of change. Cairo: The American University of Cairo Press,
2009.
______. Will the real Egyptian working class please stand up? In: LOCKMAN, Zachary (Org.).
Workers and working class in the Middle East: struggles, histories, historiographies. Albany NY: State
University of New York, 1993.
BEININ, Joel; VAIREL, Frédéric. The Middle East and North Africa: beyond classical social movement theory. In: ______. Social movements, mobilization, and contestation in the Middle East
and North Africa. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2011.
______. Afterword: popular uprisings in Tunisia and Egypt. In: ______. Social movements,
mobilization, and contestation in the Middle East and North Africa. Stanford: Stanford University
Press, 2011.
BOURDIEU, Pierre. Acts of resistance: against the tyranny of the market. New York, NY: New Press,
1999.
BOTTAZZI, Laura; HAMAUI, Rony. I veri perché della rivoluzione egiziana, Lavoce.info [Online],
2011. Available at: www.lavoce.info. Accessed: on 08/02/2011.
CAPMAS. The statistical year book. Cairo: Central Agency for Public Mobilisation and Statistics
(CAPMAS), 2011.
CASTELLS, Manuel. Interview. Available at: http://globalsociology.com/2011/02/07/the-sociologyelders-on-the-social-movements-in-tunisia-and-egypt. Accessed on: 28/06/2012.
______. Communication power. New York: Oxford University Press, 2009.
______. The rise of the network society. Cambridge, MA: Blackwell, 1996.
DABASHI, Hamid. The Arab spring: the end of postcolonialism. London-New York: Zed Books,
2012.
DEMOCRACY NOW!. Egyptian uprising fueled by striking workers across nation, Interview with
Khaled Ali, 18/02/2011. Available at:
http://www.democracynow.org/2011/2/18/egyptian_uprising_fueled_by_striking_workers. Accessed
on: 29/10/2012.
EGYPTIAN SOLIDARITY CENTRE. The struggle for worker rights in Egypt: a report by the
solidarity centre, 2010. Available at: http://www.solidaritycenter.org/files/pubs_egypt_wr.pdf.
Accessed on: 04/04/2012;
EL-MAHDI, Rabab. Orientalising the Egyptian uprising. Jadaliyya, 11/04/2011. Available at:
http://www.jadaliyya.com/pages/index/1214/orientalising-the-egyptian-uprising. Accessed on: 11/04/
2011.
EL-MAHDI, Rabab; MARFLEET, Philip. Conclusion: What’s next? In: EL-MAHDI, Rabab;
MARFLEET, Philip. Egypt: moment of change. Cairo: The American University of Cairo Press, 2009.
EL-HAMALAWY, Hossam. Egypt’s revolution has been 10 years in the making. The Guardian,
02/02/2011. Available at: http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2011/mar/02/egypt-revolutionmubarak-wall-of-fear. Accessed on: 02/02/2011
EL-SAYED EL-NAGGAR, Ahmad. economic policy: from state control to decay and corruption. In:
EL-MAHDI, Rabab; MARFLEET, Philip. Egypt: moment of change. Cairo: The American University
of Cairo Press, 2009.
EL SHAFEI, Omar. Workers, trade unions, and the state in Egypt: 1984-1989. Cairo Papers in Social
Science , n. 18, n. 2, 1995, p. 1-43.
FRIEDMAN, Gerald. Is labor dead? International Labor and Working Class History, n. 75, 2009, p.
126-144.
FRIEDMAN, Thomas. I am a man. The New York Times, 14/05/2011. Available at:
http://www.nytimes.com/2011/05/15/opinion/15friedman.html. Accessed on: 14/05/2011;
HAASS, Richard. Reflection on the revolution in Egypt. In: Council on Foreign Relations (Org.). The
new Arab revolt. New York: Council on Foreign Relations, 2011. p. 115-119.
HANAFI, Sari. The Arab revolutions: the emergence of a new political subjectivity. Contemporary
Arab Affairs, v. 5, n. 2, 2012, p. 198-213.
HASHIM, Ahmed. The Egyptian military, part two: from Mubarak Onward. Middle East Policy, v.
XVIII, n. 4, 2011, p. 106-128.
HINNEBUSCH, Raymond. Egyptian politics under Sadat. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,
1985.
HOROVITZ, David. A mass expression of outrage against injustice. The Jerusalem Post, 25/02/2011.
Available at:http://www.jpost.com/Opinion/Columnists/Article.aspx?id=209770. Accessed on:
25/02/2011.
HOWARD, Philip. The digital origins of dictatorship and democracy: information technology and
political islam. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011.
ISHANI, Maryam. Mahalla strike gains strength. The Daily News Egypt [Online], 18/07/2012.
Available at: http://thedailynewsegypt.com/2012/07/18/mahalla-strike-gains-strength-2. Accessed on:
18/07/2012.
KHONDKER, Habibul Haque. Role of the new media in the Arab spring. Globalizations, v. 8, n. 5,
2011, p. 675-679.
LEVINSON, Charles. Egypt’s growing blogger community pushes limit of dissent. The Christian
Science Monitor, 2005. Available at: http://www.csmonitor.com/2005/0824/p07s01-wome.html.
Accessed on: 24/09/2012;
LINDSEY, Ursula. Revolution and counterrevolution in the Egyptian media. In: SOWERS, Jeannie;
TOENSING, Chris. The journey to tahrir: revolution, protest, and social change in Egypt.
London/New York: Verso, 2012.
LUXEMBURG, Rosa. The mass strike. London: Bookmarks, 1986.
MAHER, Stephen. The political economy of the Egyptian uprising. Monthly Review, v. 63, n. 6, 2011,
p. 32-45.
McADAM, Doug. Recruitment to high-risk activism: the case of freedom summer. American Journal
of Sociology, n. 94, 1986, pp. 64-90.
______. Political process and the development of black insurgency 1930-1970. Chicago/London:
University of Chicago Press, 1982.
MUNIF, Yasser. The Arab revolts: the old is dying and the new cannot be born. Rethinking Marxism:
A Journal of Economics, Culture & Society, v. 25. n. 2, 2013, p. 202-217.
NASR, Sahar. Egyptian women workers and entrepreneurs: maximizing opportunities in the economic
sphere. Herndon, VA: World Bank Publications, 2010.
SHIHADE, Magide; FLESHER FOMINAYA, Cristina; COX, Laurence. The season of revolution: the
Arab spring and European mobilization. Interface [Online], v. 4, n. 1, May, 2012. Available at:
http://www.interfacejournal.net/wordpress/wpcontent/uploads/2012/05/Issue-4-1-Full-PDF.pdf.
Accessed on: 15/09/2012.
POSTER, Mark. Cyberdemocracy: Internet and the Public Sphere, 1995. Available at:
http://www.humanities.uci.edu/mposter/writings/democ.html. Accessed on: 23/10/2011.
POSUSNEY, Marsha Pripstein. Collective action and workers’ consciousness in contemporary Egypt.
In: LOCKMAN, Zachary (Org.). Workers and working classes in the Middle East: struggles, histories,
historiographies. Albany: State University of New York Press, 1993.
RASHA, Abdulla. The revolution will be tweeted: the story of digital activism in Egypt. The Cairo
Review of Global Affairs, n. 3, 2011, p. 41-50.
RUPP, Leila; TAYLOR, Verta. Survivals in the doldrums: the American women’s right movement,
1945 to the 1960s. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1987.
SAVAS, Michael-Matsas. The Arab spring: the revolution at the doors of Europe. Critique: Journal of
Socialist Theory, v. 39, n. 3, 2011, p. 421-432.
SCHEMM, Paul. Activist dissent and anti-war protest in Egypt. In: SOWERS, Jeannie; TOENSING,
Chris. The journey to Tahrir: revolution, protest, and social change in Egypt. London/New York:
Verso, 2012.
TAHA, Mohammad Rana. Minister of manpower gives focus to Cleopatra ceramics controversy. The
Daily News Egypt [Online], 05/08/2012. Available at:
http://thedailynewsegypt.com/2012/08/05/minister-of-manpower- gives-focus-to-cleopatra-ceramicscontroversy. Accessed on: 05/08/2012.
TETI, Andrea; GERVASIO, Gennaro. After Mubarak, before transition: the challenges for Egypt’s
democratic opposition. Interface [Online], v. 4, n. 1, May, 2012. Available at:
http://www.interfacejournal.net/wordpress/wpcontent/uploads/2012/05/Issue-4-1-Full-PDF.pdf.
Accessed on: 15/09/2012.
TILLY, Charles. The contentious french: four centuries of popular struggle. Cambridge: Harvard
University Press, 1986.
TRUMKA, Richard. Foreword. In: Egyptian Solidarity Centre (Org.) Struggle for worker rights in
Egypt. Available at: http://www.solidaritycenter.org/files/pubs_egypt_wr.pdf. Accessed on:
06/06/2011.
WORLD BANK. Doing business in Egypt 2008. Washington DC: World Bank, 2007. Available at:
http://www.doingbusiness.org/documents/subnational/DB08_Subnational_Report_Egypt.pdf.
Accessed on: 20/12/2011.