NARRATIVAS ALTERNATIVAS EM TEMPOS DE “PÓS-VERDADE”
A PRÁTICA DE PESQUISA ENQUANTO ATIVIDADE DIALÓGICA
Resumo
Esse artigo contempla as repercussões dos discursos da “pós-verdade” para os fundamentos epistemológicos da pesquisa discursiva chamada “pós-moderna”, especialmente na área de Análise de Narrativa contemporânea (GEORGAKOPOULOU, 2006). A partir da compreensão da pesquisa social enquanto prática metanarrativa, reflete-se sobre o potencial de eventos narrativos ‒ encruzilhadas nas quais estas metanarrativas se encontram em diálogo com interlocutores diversos – enquanto momentos em que a validade pode ser construída. Propõe-se ainda que a prática narrativa possa auxiliar na identificação de pontos de articulação entre os alegados polos de emoção e razão, permitindo que questões sociais deslegitimadas por discursos da “pós-verdade” sejam vistas de novos ângulos. Por fim, a partir de uma abordagem dialógica (BAKHTIN, 1997), contempla-se a possibilidade de tais narrativas extrapolarem fronteiras convencionais ¾ tanto aquelas entre diferentes campos de saber, quanto aquelas entre a academia e a sociedade mais ampla ¾ no intuito de acarretar a transformação social.
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Referências
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AUSTIN, J. L. How to do things with words. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1962.
BAKHTIN. M. Estética da Criação Verbal. Tradução de Maria Galvão Pereira. São Paulo: Martins Fontes, 1997.
BAKHTIN, M. The Dialogic Imagination: Four Essays. Tradução de Caryl Emerson e Michael Holquist. Austin and London: University of Texas Press, 1981.
BAUMAN, R. Story, performance and event: contextual studies of oral narrative. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986.
BAUMAN, R.; BRIGGS, C. L. Poetics and Performance as Critical Perspectives on Language and Social Life. Annual Review of Anthropology, Stanford, v. 19, n. 1, p. 59-88, 1990.
BIAR, L.; ORTON, N.; BASTOS, L.C. A pesquisa brasileira em análise de narrativa em tempos de “pós-verdade”. Linguagem em (Dis)curso, Tubarão, v. 21, n. 2, p. 231-251, 2021.
BLOMMAERT, J. O Discurso Político em Sociedades Pós-digitais. Trabalhos em Linguística Aplicada, Campinas, v. 59, n. 1, p. 390-403, 2020.
BORGES, T. R. S. Pelo amadurecimento de um “sentir crítico”. Veredas, Revista de Estudos Linguísticos, Juiz de Fora, v. 21, n. 2, p. 8-23, 2017.
BOURDIEU, P. Distinction: A social critique of the judgement of taste. Tradução de Richard Nice. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1987.
BROWSE, S.; HATAVARA, M. “I can tell the difference between fiction and reality”: Cross-fictionality and Mind-style in political rhetoric. Narrative Inquiry, Amsterdam, v. 29, n. 2, p. 333-351, 2019.
BRUNER, J. Acts of meaning: four lectures on mind and culture. Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1990.
CESARINO, L. Como as mídias sociais proporcionam uma política populista: observações sobre liminaridade com base no caso brasileiro. Trabalhos em Linguística Aplicada, Campinas, v. 59, n .1, p. 404-427, 2020.
CLIFFORD, J. Partial truths. In: CLIFFORD, J.; MARCUS, G. (Orgs.). Writing Culture: the poetics and the politics of Ethnography. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1986. p. 1-26.
CLIFFORD, J.; MARCUS, G. Writing Culture: the poetics and the politics of Ethnography. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1986.
COELHO, M. C. Sobre tropas e cornetas: apresentações à edição brasileira de writing culture. In: CLIFFORD, J.; MARCUS, G (Orgs.). A escrita da cultura ̶ Poética e política da etnografia. Tradução de Maria Claudia Coelho. Rio de Janeiro: EDUERJ, 2016. p. 7-25.
COELHO, M. C. Emotions and intellectual work. Horizontes Antropológicos, Porto Alegre, v. 25, n. 54, p. 273-297, 2019.
D’ANCONA, M. Post-truth. The new war on truth and how to fight back. Ebury Press, 2017.
DE FINA, A. Doing narrative analysis from a narratives-as-practices perspective. Narrative Inquiry, Amsterdam, v. 31, n. 1, p. 49-71, 2021.
DE FINA, A.; GEORGAKOPOULOU, A. Introduction: Narrative Analysis in the shift from texts to practices. Text & Talk, Berlin, v. 23, n. 1, p. 40-61, 2008.
EHRLICH, S. ‘Well, I saw the picture: semiotic ideologies and the unsettling of normative conceptions of female sexuality in the Steubenville rape trial. Gender & Language, Sheffield, v. 13, n. 2, p. 251-269, 2018.
EVANS, A. The myth gap: what happens when evidence and arguments aren’t enough? Transworld, 2017.
EVARISTO, C. Becos da Memória. Rio de Janeiro: Pallas, 2017.
FABRÍCIO, B. F. Linguística Aplicada como espaço de “desaprendizaegm”: redescrições em curso. In: MOITA LOPES, L. P (Org.). Por uma Linguística Aplicada Indisciplinar. São Paulo: Parábola, 2006. p. 45-65.
FOUCAULT, M. The Archaeology of Knowledge. Tradução de Alan Sheridan. New York: Pantheon Books, 1972.
GEE, J. P. An introduction to discourse analysis: Theory and method. New York: Routledge, 1999.
GERGEN, M.; GERGEN, K. Narratives in action. Narrative Inquiry, Amsterdam, v. 16, n. 1, p. 112-121, 2006.
GEORGAKOPOULOU. A. Thinking big with small stories in narrative and identity analysis. Narrative Inquiry, Amsterdam, v. 16, n. 1, p. 122-130, 2006.
GOFFMAN, E. The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life, 1956. 161 f. University of Edinburgh Social Sciences Research Centre, Monograph No.2.
GOFFMAN, E. The Interaction Order: American Sociological Association, 1982 Presidential Address. American Sociological Review, Thousand Oaks, v. 48, n. 1, p. 1-17, 1983.
HATAVARA, M.; MILDORF, J. Fictionality, narrative modes and vicarious storytelling. Style, Pennsylvania, v. 51, n. 3, p. 392-408, 2017.
JÄRVINEN, M. Life histories and the perspective of the present. Narrative Inquiry, Amsterdam, v. 14, n. 1, p. 45-68, 2003.
KACHRU, B. Models for Non-Native Teachers. In: KACHRU, B. (Ed.). The Other Tongue. English Across Cultures. 2.. ed. Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 1982. p. 48-74.
KRAATILA, E. Conspicuous fabrications: Speculative fiction as a tool for confronting post-truth discourse. Narrative Inquiry, Amsterdam, v. 29, n. 2, p. 418-433, 2019.
LABOV, W. The transformation of experience in narrative syntax. In: LABOV, W. (Ed.), Language in the inner city. Philadelphia: University of Philadelphia Press, 1972. p. 354-396.
LABOV, W.; WALETSKY, J. Narrative Analysis: oral versions of personal experience. In: HELM, J. (Org.). Essays on the verbal and visual arts. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1967. p. 12-44.
LANGELLIER, K. M. “You’re marked”: breast cancer, tattoo and the narrative performance of identity. In: BROCKMEIER, J.; CARBAUGH, D. (Orgs.). Narrative and Identity. Studies in autobiography, self and culture. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 2001. p. 145-184.
LATOUR, B. Clothing truth. In: LAWSON, H.; APPIGNANESI, L. (Eds.). Dismantling Truth: Reality in the Post-Modern World. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1989. p. 101-126.
LATOUR, B. Pandora's hope: essays on the reality of science studies. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1999.
LATOUR, B. Down to earth: Politics in the New Climatic Regime. Cambridge: Polity Press, 2018.
LINDE, C. Life Stories: the creation of coherence. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1993.
LYOTARD, J. The postmodern condition. Tradução de Geoff Bennington e Brian Massumi. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1984.
MASON, J. Making fiction out of fact: Attention and belief in the discourse of conspiracy. Narrative Inquiry, Amsterdam, v. 29, n. 2, p. 293-312, 2019.
MCINTYRE, L. Post-truth. Cambridge: MIT Press, 2018.
MISHLER, E. Validation in inquiry-guided research: The role of exemplars in narrative studies. Harvard Educational Review, Harvard, v. 60, n. 4, p. 415-442, 1990.
MISHLER, E. Narrative and Identity: the double arrow of time. In: DE FINA, A.; SCHRIFFIN, D.; BAMBERG, M. (Eds.). Studies in interactional sociolinguistics: v. 23. Discourse and identity. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006. p. 30–47.
MIYAZAKI, H. The Method of Hope: Anthropology, Philosophy and Fijian Knowledge. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2004.
MOITA LOPES, L.P. Práticas narrativas como espaço de construção das identidades sociais: uma abordagem socioconstructionista. In: RIBEIRO, B. T.; LIMA, C.; DANTAS, M. T. (Eds.). Narrativa, identidade e clínica. Rio de Janeiro: Instituto de Psiquiatria da Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, 2001. p. 55-72.
MOONEY, C. Once and For All: Climate Denial Is Not Postmodern. Disponível em: https://www.desmog.com/2011/02/28/once-and-all-climate-denial-not-postmodern/. Acesso em: 04 maio. 2021.
NURMINEN, M. Narrative warfare: the “careless” reinterpretation of literary canon in online antifeminism. Narrative Inquiry, Amsterdam, v. 29, n. 2, p. 313-332, 2019.
ORTON, N.; BIAR, L. Horizontality and gender in contemporary social movements: Narrative practice as a means of resistance. Narrative Inquiry, Amsterdam, v. 30, n. 2, p. 236-270, 2020.
ORTON, N. “Myths”, “truths” and the role of Applied Linguistics in contemporary society. Trabalhos em Linguística Aplicada, Campinas, v. 60, n. 2, p. 455-466, 2021.
ORTON, N.; BIAR, L. Putting gender on the agenda in Rio de Janeiro: subtly switching gears in discussions of bicycle advocacy. Gender & Language, Sheffield, v. 15, n. 4, p. 447-475, 2021.
PHILLIPSON, R. Linguistic Imperialism. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1992.
RIESSMAN, C. K. Narrative Analysis. Newbury Park: Sage, 1993.
SCHOOFS, K.; VAN DE MIEROOP, D. Adjusting to new “truths”: The relation between the spatio-temporal context and identity work in repeated WWII-testimonies. Narrative Inquiry, Amsterdam, v. 19, n. 2, p. 268-292, 2019.
SCHRIFFIN, D. How a story says what it means and does. Text & Talk, Berlin, v. 4 n. 4, p. 313-346, 1984.
SANTOS, B. S. Renovar a teoria crítica e reinventar a emancipação social. São Paulo: Boitempo, 2007.
SCRUTON, R. Fools, Frauds and Firebrands: Thinkers of the New Left. London: Bloomsbury, 2015.
SILVA, D. N. The Pragmatics of Chaos: parsing Bolsonaro’s undemocratic language. Trabalhos em Linguística Aplicada, Campinas, v. 59, n. 1, p. 507-537, 2020.
YOUNG, K. G. Taleworlds and storyrealms: The phenomenology of narrative. Dordrecht: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 1987.
AUSTIN, J. L. How to do things with words. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1962.
BAKHTIN. M. Estética da Criação Verbal. Tradução de Maria Galvão Pereira. São Paulo: Martins Fontes, 1997.
BAKHTIN, M. The Dialogic Imagination: Four Essays. Tradução de Caryl Emerson e Michael Holquist. Austin and London: University of Texas Press, 1981.
BAUMAN, R. Story, performance and event: contextual studies of oral narrative. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986.
BAUMAN, R.; BRIGGS, C. L. Poetics and Performance as Critical Perspectives on Language and Social Life. Annual Review of Anthropology, Stanford, v. 19, n. 1, p. 59-88, 1990.
BIAR, L.; ORTON, N.; BASTOS, L.C. A pesquisa brasileira em análise de narrativa em tempos de “pós-verdade”. Linguagem em (Dis)curso, Tubarão, v. 21, n. 2, p. 231-251, 2021.
BLOMMAERT, J. O Discurso Político em Sociedades Pós-digitais. Trabalhos em Linguística Aplicada, Campinas, v. 59, n. 1, p. 390-403, 2020.
BORGES, T. R. S. Pelo amadurecimento de um “sentir crítico”. Veredas, Revista de Estudos Linguísticos, Juiz de Fora, v. 21, n. 2, p. 8-23, 2017.
BOURDIEU, P. Distinction: A social critique of the judgement of taste. Tradução de Richard Nice. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1987.
BROWSE, S.; HATAVARA, M. “I can tell the difference between fiction and reality”: Cross-fictionality and Mind-style in political rhetoric. Narrative Inquiry, Amsterdam, v. 29, n. 2, p. 333-351, 2019.
BRUNER, J. Acts of meaning: four lectures on mind and culture. Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1990.
CESARINO, L. Como as mídias sociais proporcionam uma política populista: observações sobre liminaridade com base no caso brasileiro. Trabalhos em Linguística Aplicada, Campinas, v. 59, n .1, p. 404-427, 2020.
CLIFFORD, J. Partial truths. In: CLIFFORD, J.; MARCUS, G. (Orgs.). Writing Culture: the poetics and the politics of Ethnography. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1986. p. 1-26.
CLIFFORD, J.; MARCUS, G. Writing Culture: the poetics and the politics of Ethnography. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1986.
COELHO, M. C. Sobre tropas e cornetas: apresentações à edição brasileira de writing culture. In: CLIFFORD, J.; MARCUS, G (Orgs.). A escrita da cultura ̶ Poética e política da etnografia. Tradução de Maria Claudia Coelho. Rio de Janeiro: EDUERJ, 2016. p. 7-25.
COELHO, M. C. Emotions and intellectual work. Horizontes Antropológicos, Porto Alegre, v. 25, n. 54, p. 273-297, 2019.
D’ANCONA, M. Post-truth. The new war on truth and how to fight back. Ebury Press, 2017.
DE FINA, A. Doing narrative analysis from a narratives-as-practices perspective. Narrative Inquiry, Amsterdam, v. 31, n. 1, p. 49-71, 2021.
DE FINA, A.; GEORGAKOPOULOU, A. Introduction: Narrative Analysis in the shift from texts to practices. Text & Talk, Berlin, v. 23, n. 1, p. 40-61, 2008.
EHRLICH, S. ‘Well, I saw the picture: semiotic ideologies and the unsettling of normative conceptions of female sexuality in the Steubenville rape trial. Gender & Language, Sheffield, v. 13, n. 2, p. 251-269, 2018.
EVANS, A. The myth gap: what happens when evidence and arguments aren’t enough? Transworld, 2017.
EVARISTO, C. Becos da Memória. Rio de Janeiro: Pallas, 2017.
FABRÍCIO, B. F. Linguística Aplicada como espaço de “desaprendizaegm”: redescrições em curso. In: MOITA LOPES, L. P (Org.). Por uma Linguística Aplicada Indisciplinar. São Paulo: Parábola, 2006. p. 45-65.
FOUCAULT, M. The Archaeology of Knowledge. Tradução de Alan Sheridan. New York: Pantheon Books, 1972.
GEE, J. P. An introduction to discourse analysis: Theory and method. New York: Routledge, 1999.
GERGEN, M.; GERGEN, K. Narratives in action. Narrative Inquiry, Amsterdam, v. 16, n. 1, p. 112-121, 2006.
GEORGAKOPOULOU. A. Thinking big with small stories in narrative and identity analysis. Narrative Inquiry, Amsterdam, v. 16, n. 1, p. 122-130, 2006.
GOFFMAN, E. The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life, 1956. 161 f. University of Edinburgh Social Sciences Research Centre, Monograph No.2.
GOFFMAN, E. The Interaction Order: American Sociological Association, 1982 Presidential Address. American Sociological Review, Thousand Oaks, v. 48, n. 1, p. 1-17, 1983.
HATAVARA, M.; MILDORF, J. Fictionality, narrative modes and vicarious storytelling. Style, Pennsylvania, v. 51, n. 3, p. 392-408, 2017.
JÄRVINEN, M. Life histories and the perspective of the present. Narrative Inquiry, Amsterdam, v. 14, n. 1, p. 45-68, 2003.
KACHRU, B. Models for Non-Native Teachers. In: KACHRU, B. (Ed.). The Other Tongue. English Across Cultures. 2.. ed. Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 1982. p. 48-74.
KRAATILA, E. Conspicuous fabrications: Speculative fiction as a tool for confronting post-truth discourse. Narrative Inquiry, Amsterdam, v. 29, n. 2, p. 418-433, 2019.
LABOV, W. The transformation of experience in narrative syntax. In: LABOV, W. (Ed.), Language in the inner city. Philadelphia: University of Philadelphia Press, 1972. p. 354-396.
LABOV, W.; WALETSKY, J. Narrative Analysis: oral versions of personal experience. In: HELM, J. (Org.). Essays on the verbal and visual arts. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1967. p. 12-44.
LANGELLIER, K. M. “You’re marked”: breast cancer, tattoo and the narrative performance of identity. In: BROCKMEIER, J.; CARBAUGH, D. (Orgs.). Narrative and Identity. Studies in autobiography, self and culture. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 2001. p. 145-184.
LATOUR, B. Clothing truth. In: LAWSON, H.; APPIGNANESI, L. (Eds.). Dismantling Truth: Reality in the Post-Modern World. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1989. p. 101-126.
LATOUR, B. Pandora's hope: essays on the reality of science studies. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1999.
LATOUR, B. Down to earth: Politics in the New Climatic Regime. Cambridge: Polity Press, 2018.
LINDE, C. Life Stories: the creation of coherence. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1993.
LYOTARD, J. The postmodern condition. Tradução de Geoff Bennington e Brian Massumi. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1984.
MASON, J. Making fiction out of fact: Attention and belief in the discourse of conspiracy. Narrative Inquiry, Amsterdam, v. 29, n. 2, p. 293-312, 2019.
MCINTYRE, L. Post-truth. Cambridge: MIT Press, 2018.
MISHLER, E. Validation in inquiry-guided research: The role of exemplars in narrative studies. Harvard Educational Review, Harvard, v. 60, n. 4, p. 415-442, 1990.
MISHLER, E. Narrative and Identity: the double arrow of time. In: DE FINA, A.; SCHRIFFIN, D.; BAMBERG, M. (Eds.). Studies in interactional sociolinguistics: v. 23. Discourse and identity. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006. p. 30–47.
MIYAZAKI, H. The Method of Hope: Anthropology, Philosophy and Fijian Knowledge. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2004.
MOITA LOPES, L.P. Práticas narrativas como espaço de construção das identidades sociais: uma abordagem socioconstructionista. In: RIBEIRO, B. T.; LIMA, C.; DANTAS, M. T. (Eds.). Narrativa, identidade e clínica. Rio de Janeiro: Instituto de Psiquiatria da Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, 2001. p. 55-72.
MOONEY, C. Once and For All: Climate Denial Is Not Postmodern. Disponível em: https://www.desmog.com/2011/02/28/once-and-all-climate-denial-not-postmodern/. Acesso em: 04 maio. 2021.
NURMINEN, M. Narrative warfare: the “careless” reinterpretation of literary canon in online antifeminism. Narrative Inquiry, Amsterdam, v. 29, n. 2, p. 313-332, 2019.
ORTON, N.; BIAR, L. Horizontality and gender in contemporary social movements: Narrative practice as a means of resistance. Narrative Inquiry, Amsterdam, v. 30, n. 2, p. 236-270, 2020.
ORTON, N. “Myths”, “truths” and the role of Applied Linguistics in contemporary society. Trabalhos em Linguística Aplicada, Campinas, v. 60, n. 2, p. 455-466, 2021.
ORTON, N.; BIAR, L. Putting gender on the agenda in Rio de Janeiro: subtly switching gears in discussions of bicycle advocacy. Gender & Language, Sheffield, v. 15, n. 4, p. 447-475, 2021.
PHILLIPSON, R. Linguistic Imperialism. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1992.
RIESSMAN, C. K. Narrative Analysis. Newbury Park: Sage, 1993.
SCHOOFS, K.; VAN DE MIEROOP, D. Adjusting to new “truths”: The relation between the spatio-temporal context and identity work in repeated WWII-testimonies. Narrative Inquiry, Amsterdam, v. 19, n. 2, p. 268-292, 2019.
SCHRIFFIN, D. How a story says what it means and does. Text & Talk, Berlin, v. 4 n. 4, p. 313-346, 1984.
SANTOS, B. S. Renovar a teoria crítica e reinventar a emancipação social. São Paulo: Boitempo, 2007.
SCRUTON, R. Fools, Frauds and Firebrands: Thinkers of the New Left. London: Bloomsbury, 2015.
SILVA, D. N. The Pragmatics of Chaos: parsing Bolsonaro’s undemocratic language. Trabalhos em Linguística Aplicada, Campinas, v. 59, n. 1, p. 507-537, 2020.
YOUNG, K. G. Taleworlds and storyrealms: The phenomenology of narrative. Dordrecht: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 1987.
Publicado
2023-05-19
